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===== 開放知識定義 1.1 版非官方正體中文翻譯 =====

本文件翻譯自開放知識基金會 (Open Knowledge Foundation, OKF) 所編撰之「Open Definition Version 1.1」：http://opendefinition.org/okd/，翻譯者不主張譯文之任何權利，且唯有原英文版本與經 OKF 認證，由輔仁大學[[http://opendefinition.org/okd/chinese/|毛慶禎老師貢獻之正體中文版本]]，方為具正式準據效力之文本。

==== 專用名詞解釋 ====

當以下定義提供「知識」兩字時，指的是：
  -音樂、影片，書籍等內容；
  -科學性、歷史性、地理性，或其他相類性質的資料；
  -政府或其他行政管理部門的資訊。

儘管軟體著作在開放運動中具有中央的樞紐地位，但它並不在本定義的描述範圍之內，因為關於開源軟體的相關定義，已經在過往各界人士的努力下，被適當且充份的陳述了。

「作品」指的是「知識」在傳遞過程中所依附的載體。

「套件」指的是「作品」的集合，有時「套件」本身也可以被視為一個單一的「作品」。

「授權條款」指的是「作品」被提供時採用的法律文件。如果該「作品」在散布時沒有指定「授權條款」，那就是回歸法律預設的方式來進行提供（例如回歸著作權法的預設規則）。

==== 開放知識定義 ====

如果「作品」的散布方式滿足下列的條件，則此「作品」便符合「開放知識」的定義範圍。

=== 1、方便近用 ===

「作品」在散布時應以其完整狀態進行散布，且採僅收取重製工本費用的方式來提供，如果是透過網際網路來提供下載，那較佳的模式就是以免費的方式來進行提供。除此之外，「作品」亦應以便利他人使用與便利他人修改的格式來提供。

評註：此一定義可被簡稱為「社會性開放定義」，表示使用者不僅能接觸到這些「作品」，他還可以進一步取得這些「作品」。以「完整狀態」來提供可以避免提供者以其他迂迴手段來限制近用，舉例來說，僅容許使用者使用資料庫裡的特定物件，就是一種限制完整近用的模式。

=== 2、容許再散布 ===

「授權條款」的內容，不應限制任何使用者其後就此「作品」進行販售或是接續散布，不論是單純散布此一「作品」，或是將此「作品」列入不同來源的整合「套件」中，成為其中一部份併行散布的情況，都不能加設此種限制。「授權條款」的內容亦不應對「作品」的後續販售或散布，要求限定授權對象、授權時間、授權地域的授權金或是其他類似的同型費用。

=== 3、容許再利用 ===

「授權條款」的內容，必須容許「作品」能夠嗣後被進行修改與產生衍生作品，也必須至少容許該修改物與衍生作品，能採用原「作品」所使用的授權條件向後接續散布。

評註：請注意本條定義並未限制「擴散式 (viral)」或「相同方式分享 (share-alike)」性質的授權條款，此類授權條款要求改作物，必須要採與原作品完全一致的授權條件，方可向後接續散布。

=== 4、無技術限制機制強加於其上 ===

「作品」必須以無技術限制前述近用性、再散布性，以及再利用性的格式來提供。如果散布時採用公認的開放資料共通格式來提供，就可以達到此項定義的目標。（所謂開放資料共通格式，例如技術規格已經過公示，且採用時並無增添付費條款或其他限制條件。）

=== 5、簡要的顯名標示 ===

「授權條款」得要求使用者再散布與再利用「作品」時，必須標示該「作品」貢獻者與創作者的顯名聲明。然而此一顯名標示課予的責任必須合情合理，不應過於繁重。舉例來說，當「授權條款」要求顯名標示時，散布者羅列一份所有顯名聲明要求者的清單與「作品」一同提供，就是一種處理方式。

=== 6、與原作之間的可區隔性 ===

「授權條款」得要求當「作品」經修改之後再行散布，此時散布者必須以不同的名稱或版本號來命名修改物，以讓修改物與原始「作品」之間具有可被辨識的區隔性。

=== 7、不得對任何個人或團體有差別待遇 ===

「授權條款」的內容不得對任何個人或團體有差別待遇。

評註：為了讓群眾都能在開放知識的推展過程中得到最大利益，應盡量讓不同性質的個人使用者與團體，都有資格對於開放知識這個領域做出貢獻。因此，「授權條款」中應禁止加入封鎖特定對象加入開放知識應用流程的內容。

評註：本條定義直接引用自「[[http://opensource.org/|開放源碼促進會 (Open Source Initiative)]]」所編撰之[[http://opensource.org/osd|開放源碼定義 (Open Source Definition)]]第 5 項。

=== 8、不得對特定領域的利用存有差別待遇 ===

「授權條款」不得限制任何人將「作品」置於特定領域下進行使用。舉例來說，禁止「作品」被拿來進行商業利用，或禁止其被拿來進行基因學研究，都是不應寫入「授權條款」內容的限制。

評註：此條定義的目的，是禁止「授權條款」在內容設置陷阱，而防礙使用者取用開放授權的素材進行商業利用。事實上，開放知識活動應期待商業使用者也可以一同加入推動社群，而不是讓他們感覺被排除在外。

評註：本條定義直接引用自「[[http://opensource.org/|開放源碼促進會 (Open Source Initiative)]]」所編撰之[[http://opensource.org/osd|開放源碼定義 (Open Source Definition)]]第 6 項。

=== 9、授與的權利悉依「授權條款」內容而定 ===

「作品」散布時授與使用者的權利悉依其散布時的「授權條款」內容為準，毋須再受任何其他當事人所定額外條款的另行拘束。

評註：本條定義的目的，是禁止當事人透過其他迂迴的手段與方式，來關閉該知識的開放性，例如在「授權條款」之外另行設置一份「保密協議 (non-disclosure agreement)」，就是此種不被允許的迂迴方式。

評註：本條定義直接引用自「[[http://opensource.org/|開放源碼促進會 (Open Source Initiative)]]」所編撰之[[http://opensource.org/osd|開放源碼定義 (Open Source Definition)]]第 7 項。

=== 10、「授權條款」的內容不得專屬於特定「套件」 ===

當「作品」係為整體「套件」其中一部份時，個別散布此「作品」時授與後手的權利內容，必須不專屬於此一特定「套件」。也就是說，當此一「作品」被從「套件」裡抽離出來，並依其「授權條款」進行利用或再散布時，此時利用者與再散布者所能得到的授權，應等同於將該「作品」置於「套件」裡併行散布時完全一致。

評註：本條定義直接引用自「[[http://opensource.org/|開放源碼促進會 (Open Source Initiative)]]」所編撰之[[http://opensource.org/osd|開放源碼定義 (Open Source Definition)]]第 8 項。

=== 11、不應對隨同散布的其他作品增添額外的限制 ===

「授權條款」的內容，對於與「作品」一同散布的其他作品，不應增添額外的限制。舉例來說，「授權條款」的內容不應堅持透過同一個儲存媒體散布的其他作品，都必須要依開放知識定義的方式來散布。

評註：開放知識的散布者，應有權利做自己偏好的選擇。請注意此條的定義與「相同方式分享 (share-alike)」模式的授權條款內容是相容的，因為「相同方式分享」模式唯有在整個散布物皆被視為一個統一且不可分割的單一「作品」時才會適用。

評註：本條定義直接引用自「[[http://opensource.org/|開放源碼促進會 (Open Source Initiative)]]」所編撰之[[http://opensource.org/osd|開放源碼定義 (Open Source Definition)]]第 9 項。

----

====== Open Definition Version 1.1 ======

==== Terminology ====

The term KNOWLEDGE is taken to include:
  -Content such as music, films, books
  -Data be it scientific, historical, geographic or otherwise
  -Government and other administrative information

Software is excluded despite its obvious centrality because it is already adequately addressed by previous work.

The term WORK will be used to denote the item or piece of KNOWLEDGE which is being transferred.

The term PACKAGE may also be used to denote a collection of WORKs. Of course such a PACKAGE may be considered a WORK in itself.

The term LICENSE refers to the legal license under which the WORK is made available. Where no LICENSE has been made this should be interpreted as referring to the resulting default legal conditions under which the WORK is available (for example copyright).

==== The Definition ====

A WORK is open if its manner of distribution satisfies the following conditions:

=== 1. Access ===

The WORK shall be available as a whole and at no more than a reasonable reproduction cost, preferably downloading via the Internet without charge. The WORK must also be available in a convenient and modifiable form.

Comment: This can be summarized as ‘social’ openness – not only are you allowed to get the WORK but you can get it. ‘As a whole’ prevents the limitation of access by indirect means, for example by only allowing access to a few items of a database at a time.

=== 2. Redistribution ===

The LICENSE shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the WORK either on its own or as part of a PACKAGE made from WORKs from many different sources. The LICENSE shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale or distribution.

=== 3. Reuse ===

The LICENSE must allow for modifications and derivative WORKs and must allow them to be distributed under the terms of the original WORK.

Comment: Note that this clause does not prevent the use of ‘viral’ or share-alike licenses that require redistribution of modifications under the same terms as the original.

=== 4. Absence of Technological Restriction ===

The WORK must be provided in such a form that there are no technological obstacles to the performance of the above activities. This can be achieved by the provision of the WORK in an open data format, i.e. one whose specification is publicly and freely available and which places no restrictions monetary or otherwise upon its use.

=== 5. Attribution ===

The LICENSE may require as a condition for redistribution and re-use the attribution of the contributors and creators to the WORK. If this condition is imposed it must not be onerous. For example if attribution is required a list of those requiring attribution should accompany the WORK.

=== 6. Integrity ===

The LICENSE may require as a condition for the WORK being distributed in modified form that the resulting work carry a different name or version number from the original WORK.

=== 7. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups ===

The LICENSE must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.

Comment: In order to get the maximum benefit from the process, the maximum diversity of persons and groups should be equally eligible to contribute to open KNOWLEDGE. Therefore we forbid any open-knowledge LICENSE from locking anybody out of the process.

Comment: this is taken directly from item 5 of the OSD.

=== 8. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor ===

The LICENSE must not restrict anyone from making use of the WORK in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the WORK from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research.

Comment: The major intention of this clause is to prohibit LICENSE traps that prevent open material from being used commercially. We want commercial users to join our community, not feel excluded from it.

Comment: this is taken directly from item 6 of the OSD.

=== 9. Distribution of LICENSE ===

The rights attached to the WORK must apply to all to whom it is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties.

Comment: This clause is intended to forbid closing up KNOWLEDGE by indirect means such as requiring a non-disclosure agreement.

Comment: this is taken directly from item 7 of the OSD.

=== 10. LICENSE Must Not Be Specific to a PACKAGE ===

The rights attached to the WORK must not depend on the WORK being part of a particular PACKAGE. If the WORK is extracted from that PACKAGE and used or distributed within the terms of the WORK’s LICENSE, all parties to whom the WORK is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the original PACKAGE.

Comment: this is taken directly from item 8 of the OSD.

=== 11. LICENSE Must Not Restrict the Distribution of Other Works ===

The LICENSE must not place restrictions on other works that are distributed along with the licensed WORK. For example, the LICENSE must not insist that all other works distributed on the same medium are open.

Comment: Distributors of open KNOWLEDGE have the right to make their own choices. Note that ‘share-alike’ licenses are conformant since those provisions only apply if the whole forms a single WORK.

Comment: this is taken directly from item 9 of the OSD.
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