{"id":22,"date":"2008-02-14T08:35:42","date_gmt":"2008-02-14T00:35:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/i989.weblogs.us\/?p=22"},"modified":"2008-02-14T08:35:42","modified_gmt":"2008-02-14T00:35:42","slug":"20080214-make-your-open-source-software-gpl-compatible-or-else","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lucien.cc\/?p=22","title":{"rendered":"20080214-Make Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else.-\u8acb\u5c07\u60a8\u6b32\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u5316\u3002\u8981\u4e0d\u7136\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u5f8c\u7e8c\u6563\u5e03\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u906d\u9047\u5230\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u751a\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u3002"},"content":{"rendered":"

1\u3001\u6b64\u6587\u8b6f\u81eaDavid A. Wheeler<\/a>\u6240\u5beb\u300cMake Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else.<\/span>\u300d\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e26\u672a\u7d93\u904e\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u6388\u6b0a\u53ca\u8a8d\u8b49\uff0c\u4e14\u647b\u96dc\u8a31\u591a\u539f\u6587\u6240\u7121\u4e4b\u8d05\u5b57\u4ee5\u5e6b\u52a9\u8b80\u8005\u5f97\u5176\u771f\u610f\u3002<\/p>\n

2\u3001\u95dc\u65bc\u300cMake Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else.<\/span>\u300d\u53ef\u53c3\u7167\u6b64<\/a> \uff0c\u6b64\u4e00\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u672c\u65b9\u70ba\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u50b3\u9054\u5176\u610f\u6db5\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u6b63\u78ba\u7248\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

by David A. Wheeler<\/a><\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005\uff1aDavid A. Wheeler<\/a><\/p>\n

June 5, 2002; revised August 9, 2007<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u521d\u7a3f\u5b8c\u6210\u65bc2002\u5e746\u67085\u65e5\uff1b\u4fee\u8a02\u6642\u95932007\u5e748\u67089\u65e5\uff1b\u7ffb\u8b6f\u6642\u95932008\u5e742\u670814\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

This essay argues that developers of open source software \/ Free Software (OSS\/FS) should use an existing widely-used license compatible with the General Public License (GPL), such as the GPL, LGPL, MIT\/X, or BSD-new licenses. This article was previously printed, with a number of changes, as an article at OsOpinion.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6b64 \u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u6b32\u8868\u5f70\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8b70\u984c\u662f\uff0c\u6b32\u5c07\u6240\u958b\u767c\u8edf\u9ad4\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u65b9\u5f0f\u91cb\u51fa\u8005\uff0c\u61c9\u76e1\u91cf\u4f7f\u7528\u6563\u5e03\u7a0b\u5ea6\u9ad8\u4e14\u70ba\u773e\u4eba\u6240\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4f86\u70ba\u7a0b\u5f0f\u9032\u884c\u6388\u6b0a\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8b93\u6b64\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8207 GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u4ee5\u5229\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u5f8c\u7e8c\u6563\u5e03\uff0c\u50cf\u662f\u4ee5GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u672c\u8eab\u6216\u662fLGPL\u3001MIT\u3001\u4e09\u6b3e\u5f0f\u7684BSD\u7b49\u7b26\u5408\u524d\u8ff0\u8981\u4ef6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4f86\u70ba\u7a0b \u5f0f\u9032\u884c\u6388\u6b0a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Introduction-\u7c21\u4ecb<\/span><\/p>\n

This essay is a call to all those developers who are developing open source software<\/a> \/ Free Software<\/a> (OSS\/FS, also called FLOSS or FOSS). OSS\/FS developers: Please, where possible, use an existing widely-used license for your software that is known to be compatible with the<\/span> GNU General Public License (GPL)<\/a>, such as the GPL<\/a>, LGPL<\/a>, original MIT\/X<\/a>, or BSD-new<\/a> licenses. And, if you create your own license – and please try not to<\/a> – make sure that your new license is compatible with the GPL. You don\u2019t need to use the GPL – not even the Free Software Foundation (FSF)<\/a>, the developer of the GPL and its most avid proponent, claims that absolutely all software must be GPL-licensed. (For example, see the endorsement by FSF\u2019s Richard Stallman of Ogg Vorbis license changes<\/a>, and note that the FSF developed and maintains the Lesser GPL<\/a> as a compromise license.) But make sure that your OSS\/FS software\u2019s license is GPL-compatible, i.e., that you can combine your code with code released under the GPL into one larger program<\/a>. The rest of this essay explains why and how to do so.<\/p>\n

\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e43\u662f\u8981\u5411\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u958b\u767c\u8005\u547c\u7c72\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5ba2\u89c0\u689d\u4ef6\u8a31\u53ef\uff0c\u8acb\u76e1\u91cf\u9078\u7528\u6563\u5e03\u7a0b\u5ea6\u9ad8\u4e14\u70ba\u773e\u4eba\u6240\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u4ea6\u8acb\u8003\u616e\u5176\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e<\/a>\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\uff0c\u65b9\u6709\u5229\u65bc\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u5f8c\u7e8c\u6563\u5e03\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u5982GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u672c\u8eab<\/a>\u6216\u662fLGPL<\/a>\u3001MIT<\/a>\u3001\u4e09\u6b3e\u5f0f\u7684New BSD<\/a>\u7b49\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7b26\u5408\u524d\u8ff0\u689d\u4ef6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u3002\u518d\u8005\u3001\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u65b0\u7de8\u4e86\u500b\u4eba\u5f0f\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e(\u6700\u597d\u662f\u4e0d\u8981<\/a>\u3001 \u56e0\u70ba\u73fe\u6642\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u6578\u76ee\u5df2\u7136\u7e41\u591a\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u9019\u4e5f\u6703\u5927\u5927\u963b\u7919\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eba\u53d6\u7528\u60a8\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\u4e0d\u662f\u6bcf\u500b\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a2d\u8a08\u5e2b\u90fd\u517c\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c08\u696d\uff0c\u5176\u4e26\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u6703\u9858\u610f\u82b1\u8cbb\u6642\u9593 \u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u81ea\u884c\u5275\u5efa\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u9032\u884c\u8a73\u52a0\u7814\u8b80\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u70ba\u5c0d\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u4e0d\u751a\u7406\u89e3\u800c\u76f4\u63a5\u653e\u68c4\u4f7f\u7528\u60a8\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f)\uff0c\u4e5f\u8acb\u8b93\u9019\u4e9b\u65b0\u64b0\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u8207 GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u76f8\u5bb9\u3002\u8aaa\u5be6\u5728\u7684\u3001\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6d17\u8166\u5f0f\u7684\u8981\u60a8\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u7de8\u5beb\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u90fd\u4ee5GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8a34\u6c42\u9023\u7de8\u64b0GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703<\/a>\u90fd\u4e0d\u6562\u9019\u822c\u8d64\u88f8\u88f8\u7684\u8981\u6c42(\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4e86\u89e3\u53ef\u53c3\u7167Richard Stallman\u6240\u64b0the endorsement by FSF\u2019s Richard Stallman of Ogg Vorbis license changes\u4e00\u6587<\/a>\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8acb\u6ce8\u610f\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u672c\u8eab\u4ea6\u5df2\u8a8d\u77e5\u5230GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u56b4\u82db\u7fa9\u52d9\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u8b93\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7686\u5fc3\u6085\u81e3\u670d\u9858\u610f\u53d6\u7528\uff0c\u6545\u9032\u800c\u64b0\u5beb\u4e86\u8edf\u9ad4\u81ea\u7531\u7406\u5ff5\u5be6\u8e10\u4e0a\u53ca\u7fa9\u52d9\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u4e0a\u7686\u8f03\u70ba\u5bec\u9b06\u7684LGPL<\/a>\u4f9b\u4eba\u9078\u7528)\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u60a8\u7a0b\u5f0f\u65e5\u5f8c\u6563\u5e03\u4e0a\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\u6027\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u8b93\u5176\u80fd\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7a0b\u5f0f\u76f8\u5bb9\u4e00\u4e8b\u81f3\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u4f86\u3001\u60a8\u6240\u64b0\u5beb\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u65b9\u53ef\u8207\u73fe\u6642\u4e16\u4e0a\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u4e4b\u9593\u7522\u751f\u878d\u5408\u61c9\u7528\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027<\/a>\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u5373\u5c0d\u60a8\u89e3\u91cb\u9019\u4e9b\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u6700\u7c21\u4fbf\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u70ba\u60a8\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u9810\u7559\u8207GPL\u7a0b\u5f0f\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

GPL-incompatible licenses risk lack of support (GPL most popular)-\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u6240\u5728(\u5f9eGPL\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u5ee3\u5927\u4f54\u6709\u7387\u89c0\u9ede\u8ac7\u8d77)<\/span><\/p>\n

Why a GPL-compatible license? Because if your OSS\/FS project isn\u2019t GPL-compatible, there\u2019s a significant risk that you\u2019ll fail to receive enough support from other developers to sustain your project.<\/p>\n

\u70ba\u4f55\u60a8 \u6240\u7de8\u5beb\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u61c9\u76e1\u91cf\u4f7f\u5176\u63a1\u7528\u8207GPL\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e?\u4e00\u8a00\u4ee5\u853d\u4e4b\u3001\u5373\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u88e1\uff0cGPL\u4f54\u6709\u5ee3\u5927\u5e02\u4f54\u7387\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8aaa\u3001\u82e5\u60a8 \u81ea\u884c\u7de8\u64b0\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e4b\u9593\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u5247\u6703\u9020\u6210\u5e02\u4f54\u7387\u6975\u9ad8\u7684GPL\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u5920\u8207\u60a8\u7a0b\u5f0f\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\u7684\u5f8c\u679c\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u6b64\u4e00\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u591a\u6578\u81ea \u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7de8\u5beb\u8005\u7684\u652f\u63f4\uff0c\u800c\u6210\u70ba\u5b64\u9ce5\u7a0b\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u82e5\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u958b\u767c\u65b9\u5f0f\u9996\u91cd\u300c\u591a\u4eba\u5171\u5de5\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u7279\u9ede\u4f86\u5be9\u8996\uff0c\u300c\u5931\u53bb\u7db2\u8def\u540c\u597d\u7684\u5967\u63f4\u300d\u5c0d\u65bc\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u5f8c\u7e8c\u767c\u5c55\u53ca\u7814\u767c\u5be6\u5728 \u662f\u500b\u4e0d\u5c0f\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u3002<\/p>\n

Many OSS\/FS developers prefer the GPL, because they believe the GPL (1) provides a better quid-pro-quo for developers, (2) establishes collaboration between people and companies better than consortia, (3) protects their work in today\u2019s less-than-kind environment<\/a>, and\/or (4) encourages increasing the amount of Free Software<\/a>. Examples of such thinking include Jeremy Allison’s “Freedom Fighters”<\/a> (which points out that NetApp’s improvements to BSD-licensed code are not contributed back but its improvements to GPL-licensed code have been), as well as Eben Moglen’s claims that BSD-style licenses are “a really good license for your competitor to use”<\/a>. Moglen’s point is that he believes a business should use a license which requires others to give back their changes (like the GPL) if it does not want to provide a free lunch to its competitors. Many people argue for<\/a> the GPL, though the view that the GPL is a good or necessary license is not a universally-held position by OSS\/FS developers (e.g., see Montague<\/a>).<\/p>\n

\u8a31 \u8a31\u591a\u591a\u6295\u8eab\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7de8\u64b0\u7684\u958b\u767c\u8005\u6a02\u65bc\u4f7f\u7528GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5e36\u4f86\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u5404\u7a2e\u597d\u8655\uff1a(1)\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u7a0b\u5f0f\u539f\u59cb\u78bc\u958b\u653e\u8207\u53d6\u5f97\u4f9b\u9700 \u5e73\u8861\u300d\u3001\u300c\u65bd\u8207\u53ca\u6536\u7a6b\u5584\u610f\u5faa\u74b0\u300d\u7684\u826f\u597d\u74b0\u5883\uff1b(2)\u65bc\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u53ca\u7814\u767c\u516c\u53f8\u4e4b\u9593\u69cb\u7bc9\u4e00\u7a2e\u5408\u8ae7\u7684\u5171\u5de5\u6a5f\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u900f\u904e\u7279\u5b9a\u806f\u76df\u6a5f\u69cb\u4f86\u8cbb\u5fc3\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1b(3)GPL\u5f8b\u5b9a\u5df2\u958b\u653e\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u539f\u59cb\u78bc\u4e0d\u53ef\u55e3\u5f8c\u70ba\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u6240\u5c01\u9589\uff0c\u6b64\u53ef\u4fdd\u8b77\u521d\u59cb\u5275\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u5fc3\u8840\u4e0d\u81f3\u65bc\u65e5\u5f8c\u70ba\u7279\u5b9a\u4eba\u58eb\u6240\u79c1\u6709\u5f0f\u7368\u5360\u5229\u7528<\/a>\uff1b(4)\u5229\u7528GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u300c\u6388\u6b0a\u652b\u53d6\u7279\u6027\u300d\u4f86\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u64f4\u5c55GPL\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u6578\u91cf\u53ca\u5e02\u4f54\u6bd4\u7387<\/a>\u3002\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u9019\u4e9b\u958b\u653e\u8005\u9078\u7528GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u53c3\u95b1Jeremy Allison\u6240\u8457 \u300c\u81ea\u7531\u9b25\u58eb\u300d\u4e00\u66f8<\/a>(\u6b64\u66f8\u8209NetApp\u7a0b\u5f0f\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u5176\u4ee5BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u91cb\u51fa\u6563\u5e03\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u6539\u826f\u5f8c\u7684\u6210\u679c\u4e26\u4e0d\u6703\u8ff4\u6d41\u5230\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u624b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5176\u4ee5GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\uff0c\u5c31\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6703\u53cd\u994b\u539f\u4f5c\u8005\u6210\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u65bd\u8207\u5f97\u7684\u5faa\u74b0)\u3001\u6216\u662fEben Moglen\u6240\u8457\u300cBSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5982\u4f55\u5229\u4eba\u4e0d\u5229\u5df1\u300d\u4e00\u6587<\/a>\uff0cEben Moglen\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\u3001\u82e5\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u6709\u610f\u5c31\u5176\u6240\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u9032\u884c\u5546\u696d\u71df\u904b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u7d93\u4fee\u6539\u5f8c\u53ef\u5426\u53cd\u994b\u56de\u5230\u8457\u4f5c\u6b0a\u4eba\u624b\u4e0a(\u50cfGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u9019\u9805\u7279 \u6027)\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u8457\u4f5c\u6b0a\u4eba\u9700\u56b4\u8085\u601d\u8003\u5fd6\u5ea6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u82e5\u662f\u7f3a\u6f0f\u6b64\u9805\u7279\u6027\u800c\u53c8\u60f3\u5229\u7528\u7a0b\u5f0f\u9032\u884c\u5546\u696d\u71df\u904b\uff0c\u4fbf\u5982\u540c\u505a\u4e86\u597d\u7403\u7d66\u540c\u985e\u578b\u7684\u7af6\u722d\u540c\u696d\u6253\uff0c\u8b93\u5225\u4eba\u5229\u7528\u6b64 \u4e00\u7a0b\u5f0f\u642d\u9806\u98a8\u8239\u3001\u5403\u514d\u8cbb\u7684\u5348\u9910\uff0c\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u7684\u5229\u4eba\u4e0d\u5229\u5df1\u3002\u662f\u4ee5\u5728\u9019\u4e9b\u60f3\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u5c0e\u4e0b\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u754c\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a2d\u8a08\u8005\u504f\u597d\u4f7f\u7528<\/a>GPL\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\u5176\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u6b64\u7a2e\u50be\u5411\u4e26\u975e\u4eba\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u653e\u8af8\u56db\u6d77\u800c\u7686\u6e96(\u53ef\u53c3\u7167Bruce Montague\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u898b<\/a>)\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u78ba\u4e4e\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u67d0\u7a0b\u5ea6\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7de8\u5beb\u4e0a\u53d6\u7528GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u70ba\u9069\u7528\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n

But even if you don\u2019t like the GPL yourself, many potential co-developers do… and your project is more likely to be successful if you accommodate them. Usually even avid GPL proponents will support OSS\/FS programs with other GPL-compatible licenses, if you choose to not use the GPL. For example, the FSF has long supported the X Window System (X11), even though it\u2019s released under the MIT\/X license. However, if your license isn\u2019t GPL-compatible, developers may create a competitor instead so they can take advantage of GPL\u2019ed code.<\/p>\n

\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u4e3b\u6d41\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u4e0b\uff0c\u82e5\u7136 \u60a8\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u70ba\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8edf\u9ad4\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u8a2d\u8a08\u8005\uff0c\u4e14\u4e26\u4e0d\u6b23\u8cdeGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u8af8\u822c\u7fa9\u52d9\u6027\u898f\u5b9a\u800c\u62d2\u7d55\u9078\u7528GPL\uff0c\u4f46\u7576\u60a8\u5c07\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u91cb\u51fa\u6642\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u6f5b\u5728\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f \u5f8c\u7e8c\u4fee\u6539\u8005\u537b\u6703\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u6bd4\u4f8b\u662f\u611b\u7528GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u9810\u7559\u9019\u4e9b\u4fee\u6539\u8005\u5c07\u7a0b\u5f0f\u884d\u751f\u4f5c\u54c1\u4ee5GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u300c\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u52a0\u901f\u9019\u500b\u539f\u751f\u8edf \u9ad4\u7684\u63a8\u5ee3\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6b64\u6642\u60a8\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e4b\u9593\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u9023\u6700\u8654\u5b88\u7684GPL\u7406\u5ff5\u63a8\u5ee3\u8005\u90fd\u4e0d\u81f4\u65bc\u53bb\u53cd\u5c0d\u5b83\u6216\u662f\u62d1\u5236\u5176\u6563\u5e03\u3002\u8209\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u8edf \u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u9577\u671f\u4f86\u4e00\u76f4\u652f\u6301\u300cX\u8996\u7a97(X11)\u300d\u9019\u500b\u8edf\u9ad4\u8a08\u5283\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5176\u4e26\u975e\u662f\u4ee5GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u91cb\u51fa\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63a1\u7528MIT\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u3002\u4e26\u4e14\u53cd\u904e\u4f86\u8aaa\u3001\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u6240\u91cb \u51fa\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u72c0\u6cc1\u4e0b\u4f9d\u6b64\u8edf\u9ad4\u7684\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u5176\u6703\u65bc\u7db2\u8def\u793e\u7fa4\u4e2d\u50ac\u751f\u51fa\u53e6\u4e00\u7368\u7acb\u7de8\u5beb\u7684GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u7248\u672c\u4f86\u8207\u60a8\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u56e0 GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u80fd\u53d6\u7528\u5230\u6700\u591a\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u5171\u4eab\u7d20\u6750\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u4e0d\u80fd\u8207\u9019\u4e9bGPL\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u7d20\u6750\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u767c\u7db2\u8def\u793e\u7fa4\u53e6\u884c\u7de8\u5beb\u76f8\u985e\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4f86\u53d6\u4ee3\u5b83\u7684\u52d5 \u6a5f\u3002<\/p>\n

And there\u2019s a lot of GPL\u2019ed code to take advantage of:<\/p>\n

\u770b\u4ee5\u4e0b\u9019\u5e7e\u689d\u8868\u5217\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\uff0cGPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e36\u4f86\u9019\u9ebc\u591a\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u7de8\u5beb\u5171\u4eab\u7d20\u6750\uff1a<\/p>\n

1. Freshmeat.net reported on November 10, 2003<\/a> that 69.66% of the 32,592 software branches (packages) it tracked are GPL-licensed (the next two most popular licenses were the LGPL, 5.29%, and the BSD licenses which combined to 4.82%). Some Freshmeat branches are proprietary, but clearly the GPL is the leading OSS\/FS license in this set. You can also see the latest Freshmeat.net statistics<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1\u3001\u4f9d\u7167Freshmeat.net\u9019\u500b\u7db2\u7ad92003\u5e7411\u670810\u65e5\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\u5206\u6790<\/a>\uff0c \u5176\u89c0\u5bdf\u4e8632,592\u500b\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u7684\u91cb\u51fa\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7b2c\u4e00\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4f54\u670969.66%\u7684GPL(\u7b2c\u4e8c\u591a\u7684\u662f5.29%\u7684LGPL\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u591a\u7684\u662fBSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684 4.82%)\u3002\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u8af1\u8a00\u7684\u3001Freshmeat.net\u6240\u89c0\u5bdf\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u5c08\u6848\u5176\u5be6\u7b97\u662f\u79c1\u6709\u5c08\u5c6c\u8edf\u9ad4\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\u4e26\u975e\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\uff0c\u4f46\u5f9e\u9019\u4efd\u7d71\u8a08\u5206\u6790\u4ea6\u53ef\u8b93\u8b80\u8005\u4e00\u76ee\u4e86 \u7136\uff0c\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u9818\u57df\u88e1\u3001\u9078\u7528\u6027\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5c31\u662fGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u5176\u4f54\u6709\u5168\u7136\u50be\u659c\u7684\u534a\u58c1\u6c5f\u5c71\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u78ba\u8a8d\u9019\u500b\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u8acb\u6309\u6b64\u6aa2\u95b1Freshmeat.net\u4e0a\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u7d71\u8a08\u5206\u6790\u6578\u64da<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

2. SourceForge.net reported on November 10, 2003<\/a> that the GPL accounted for 71% of the 45,736 projects it hosted with OSI-approved open source licenses (next most popular were the LGPL, 10%, and the BSD licenses, 7%). Not all SourceForge projects are active or have produced much code, but nevertheless this gives reasonable evidence that the GPL is widely used. You can also see the latest SourceForge.net statistics<\/a>. Another way to get SourceForge statistics – and many others – is through FLOSSmole<\/a>. FLOSSmole is a tool for querying data about FLOSS repositories, and they make it easy to analyze data from many sources.<\/p>\n

2\u3001\u800c\u4f9d\u7167SourceForge.net\u9019\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u754c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5c08\u6848\u7ba1\u7406\u5e73\u53f02003\u5e7411\u670810\u65e5\u7684\u6578\u64da\u5206\u6790<\/a>\uff0c \u5176\u4e0a\u9078\u7528\u958b\u653e\u6e90\u78bc\u4fc3\u9032\u6703\u8a8d\u53ef\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u5c08\u6848\u670945,736\u500b\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u5c08\u6848\u670971%\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9ad8\u6bd4\u4f8b\u662f\u9078\u7528GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u70ba\u5176\u5c08\u6848\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u689d\u6b3e(\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9ad8\u70ba LGPL\u768410%\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u9ad8\u70baBSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u76847%)\u3002\u7576\u7136\u3001\u4e26\u975e\u6240\u6709\u65bcSourceForge.net\u4e0a\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u90fd\u662f\u6d3b\u8e8d\u4e14\u9ad8\u6210\u679c\u7522\u51fa\u7684\u6210\u529f\u5c08\u6848\uff0c\u4f46\u7121 \u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u3001\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6578\u64da\u5df2\u8db3\u4ee5\u8868\u5f70\uff0cGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u78ba\u5be6\u662f\u4ee5\u8d85\u51fa\u5176\u4ed6\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u751a\u591a\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5728\u88ab\u63a8\u884c\u904b\u7528\u8457\uff0c\u6b32\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u78ba\u8a8d\u6b64\u9805\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u8acb\u6309\u6b64\u6aa2\u95b1SourceForge.net\u4e0a\u6700\u65b0\u7684\u6578\u64da\u5206\u6790<\/a>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u3001\u60a8\u4ea6\u53ef\u900f\u904eFLOSSmole\u9019\u500b\u7db2\u7ad9<\/a>\u4f86\u67e5\u627eSourceForge.net\u3001\u6216\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u76f8\u95dc\u8cc7\u6e90\u7db2\u7ad9\u7684\u6578\u64da\u5206\u6790\uff0cFLOSSmole\u9019\u500b\u7db2\u7ad9\u7684\u7279\u9ede\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea4\u53c9\u8a62\u67e5\u5404\u5927\u8457\u540d\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u8cc7\u6e90\u7db2\u7ad9\u4e0a\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u65b9\u4fbf\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7c21\u6613\u5206\u6790\u6b64\u7b49\u6578\u64da\u8cc7\u6599\u7684\u5165\u53e3\u7db2\u7ad9\u3002<\/p>\n

3. In my paper More than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU\/Linux\u2019s Size<\/a>, I found that Red Hat Linux, one of the most popular GNU\/Linux distributions, had over 30 million physical source lines of code in version 7.1, and that 50.36% of the lines of code were licensed solely under the GPL<\/a> (the next most common were the MIT license, 8.28%, and the LGPL, 7.64%). If you consider the lines that are dual licensed (licensed under both the GPL and another license, allowing users and developers to pick the license to use), the total lines of code under the GPL accounts for 55.3% of the total.<\/p>\n

3\u3001\u5728\u62d9\u8457More than a Gigabuck: Estimating GNU\/Linux\u2019s Size\u4e00\u6587<\/a>\u4e2d\uff0c\u66fe\u7d93\u5c31GNU\/Linux\u88e1\u8457\u540d\u7684Red Hat\u7248\u672c\u505a\u904e\u7d71\u8a08\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u51767.1\u7248\u65bc\u6578\u76ee\u8d85\u904e\u4e09\u5343\u842c\u7b46\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u7de8\u5beb\u4f86\u6e90\u88e1\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u8d85\u904e\u4e00\u534a\u768450.36%\u9ad8\u6bd4\u4f8b\u662f\u55ae\u7368\u50c5\u4ee5GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\u5176\u6240\u7de8\u5beb\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f<\/a>(\u7b2c \u4e8c\u9ad8\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u662fMIT\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u76848.28%\uff0c\u4ee5\u53caLGPL\u76847.64%)\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8003\u616e\u5230\u67d0\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5143\u4ef6\u5176\u5be6\u4e5f\u4ee5\u96d9\u91cd\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u8a71(\u4ea6\u5373\u4e00\u624b\u4ee5GPL\u6388\u6b0a \u689d\u6b3e\u91cb\u51fa\uff0c\u4f46\u53e6\u4e00\u624b\u4e5f\u4ee5\u5176\u4ed6\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u540c\u6642\u540c\u6b65\u91cb\u51fa\u7a0b\u5f0f\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u80fd\u8b93\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u8996\u5176\u9700\u8981\u9078\u7528\u8f03\u70ba\u6709\u5229\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e)\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebcRed Hat7.1\u7248\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5143\u4ef6\u4ee5GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5c31\u66f4\u70ba\u9a5a\u4eba\uff0c\u6574\u9ad4\u89c0\u4e4b\u80fd\u5920\u9054\u523055.3%\u4e4b\u8b5c\u3002<\/p>\n

4. Savannah<\/a> hosts 1,986 mostly-GPL projects (as of November 11, 2003) and strongly encourages GPL-compatible licenses.<\/p>\n

4\u3001Savannah\u7db2\u7ad9<\/a>\u5176\u4e0a\u71df\u904b1,986\u4ef6\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u70baGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u5c08\u6848\u4e3b\u6a5f\u4ee3\u7ba1\u670d\u52d9(\u4f9d2003\u5e7411\u670811\u65e5\u7d71\u8a08)\uff0c\u5176\u7db2\u7ad9\u71df\u904b\u653f\u7b56\u8072\u660e\u9805\u88e1\u4e26\u5f37\u70c8\u5efa\u8b70\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u70ba\u5176\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u9078\u7528\u8207GPL\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u3002<\/p>\n

5. The FSF\u2019s free software directory<\/a> lists OSS\/FS software. On September 24, 2002, I downloaded their entire directory, and found that it had 1550 entries, of which 1363 (87.9%) used the GPL license, 103 (6.6%) used the LGPL license, 32 (2.0%) used a BSD or BSD-like license, 29 (1.9%) used the Artistic license, 5 (0.3%) used the MIT license, with other licenses being even rarer. The FSF prefers the GPL license, so the FSF directory statistic may be biased in the percentage of GPLed software it registers, but the directory still provides strong additional evidence that the GPL is a widely used license for OSS\/FS.<\/p>\n

5\u3001\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u7db2\u9801\u88e1\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5206\u985e\u76ee\u9304<\/a>\u4e2d\uff0c \u5217\u793a\u4e86\u5404\u5f0f\u5404\u6a23\u53ef\u8cc7\u4e0b\u8f09\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u3002\u65bc2002\u5e749\u670824\u65e5\u6642\uff0c\u7b46\u8005\u4e0b\u8f09\u4e86\u5b83\u6574\u500b\u76ee\u9304\u5167\u5bb9\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u767c\u73fe\u5168\u90e81550\u7b46\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8cc7\u6599\u88e1\uff0c\u67091363\u7b46 (\u7d04\u4f54\u5168\u90e8\u768487.9%)\u662f\u4ee5GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u6563\u5e03\u7684\uff0c103\u7b46(\u7d046.6%)\u662f\u4f9dLGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c32\u7b46(\u7d042.0%)\u4f7f\u7528BSD\u6216\u8fd1\u4f3cBSD\u985e \u578b\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c29\u7b46(\u7d041.9%)\u4f7f\u7528Artistic\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c5\u7b46(\u7d040.3%)\u4f7f\u7528MIT\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e0d\u662f\u6c92\u4eba\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6bd4 \u4f8b\u986f\u5f97\u66f4\u70ba\u7a00\u5c11\u800c\u6e3a\u5c0f\u3002\u7576\u7136\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5408\u7406\u63a8\u8ad6\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u5c0d\u65bcGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7576\u7136\u6703\u6709\u504f\u597d\u7684\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e00\u8edf\u9ad4\u5206\u985e\u76ee\u9304\u88e1\u7fa4\u96c6\u4e86\u8f03\u9ad8\u6bd4\u7387\u7684GPL\u6388\u6b0a \u7a0b\u5f0f\u4ea6\u662f\u4e8b\u7406\u4e4b\u5fc5\u7136\uff0c\u4f46\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u3001\u6b64\u4e00\u76ee\u9304\u4ecd\u662f\u89c0\u5bdf\u4e0a\u4e00\u500b\u6709\u529b\u4e8b\u8b49\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u8868\u5f70GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u78ba\u5be6\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u88e1\u88ab\u5ee3\u70ba\u904b\u7528\u3001\u6d41\u50b3\u3002<\/p>\n

6. Eric S. Raymond\u2019s \u201cHomesteading the Noosphere\u201d (section 2) reported that in July 1997 about half the software packages with explicit license terms at North Carolina\u2019s Metalab (formerly Sunsite) used the GPL. At the time Metalab was the largest OSS\/FS software archive.<\/p>\n

6\u3001 Eric S. Raymond\u65bc\u5176\u6240\u8457\u201cHomesteading the Noosphere\u201d\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d(\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0)\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u65bc1997\u5e747\u6708\u6642\u3001\u7f8e\u570b\u5317\u5361\u7f85\u4f86\u7d0d\u5dde\u7684\u300c\u8d85\u8d8a\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4(\u524d\u8eab\u7a31\u70ba\u592a\u967d\u7ad9\u53f0sunsite)\u300d\u6240\u6536\u7d0d\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5c08 \u6848\uff0c\u5176\u4e00\u534a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u90fd\u660e\u793a\u63a1\u7528GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u65bc\u5176\u6642\u300c\u8d85\u8d8a\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u300d\u662f\u5168\u7f8e\u6700\u5927\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6536\u7d0d\u5132\u5b58\u8cc7\u6599\u5eab\u3002<\/p>\n

7. The Who is Doing It (WIDI)<\/a> study examined the BerliOS SourceWell list of applications. Of the 1136 applications tracked at that time, the top three were the GPL at 85.9% (976\/1136), LGPL at 4.6% (52\/1136), and BSD-style at 2.8% (32\/1136).<\/p>\n

7\u3001\u5728\u4e00\u4efd\u540d\u70ba\u300c\u662f\u8ab0\u5728\u7814\u767c<\/a>\u300d \u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u958b\u767c\u8005\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\u7d71\u8a08\u5831\u544a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u5831\u544a\u5167\u5bb9\u62ab\u9732\u51fa\u65bc\u5176\u6642\u9032\u884c\u76841136\u4ef6\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6bd4\u7387\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7b2c\u4e00\u540d\u662fGPL\u768485.9% (1136\u4ef6\u5c08\u6848\u4e2d\u4f54\u4e86976\u500b)\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u540d\u662fLGPL\u76844.6% (1136\u4ef6\u5c08\u6848\u4e2d\u4f54\u4e8652\u500b)\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u540d\u662fBSD\u985e\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4f54\u4e862.8% (1136\u4ef6\u5c08\u6848\u4e2d\u670932\u500b)\u3002<\/p>\n

8. What about what’s used, rather than what’s developed? A 2003 MITRE survey of U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) use of FLOSS<\/a> found that 52% of the reported FLOSS applications were released under the GPL; the next-largest licenses were BSD (6%), Apache (5%), various “Community” (4%), and LGPL (3%). Even if you claimed that all non-GPL licenses were simply BSD variants (which is not true), the GPL had a simple majority of the licenses of FLOSS in use.<\/p>\n

8\u3001\u9664\u4e86\u4ee5\u958b\u767c\u8005\u9078\u7528\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f7f\u7528\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u89c0\u5bdfGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u5ee3\u5927\u5e02\u4f54\u7387\u3002\u4ee5\u7f8e\u570b\u570b\u9632\u90e82003\u5e74\u59d4\u8a17MITRE\u516c\u53f8\u505a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u4f7f\u7528\u8abf\u67e5\u5831\u544a<\/a>\u70ba \u4f8b\uff0c\u5831\u544a\u5167\u5bb9\u6307\u51fa52%\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u61c9\u7528\u7a0b\u5f0f\u662f\u4ee5GPL\u70ba\u5176\u91cb\u51fa\u6642\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u662fBSD\u76846%\u3001Apache\u76845%\u3001\u5404\u5f0f\u5404\u6a23\u7684\u793e\u5340\u5f0f\u5206\u4eab\u689d\u6b3e\u6709 4%\uff0c\u9084\u6709LGPL\u67093%\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u4eba\u8b2c\u8aa4\u7684\u5ba3\u7a31\u9664\u4e86GPL\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u90fd\u7b97\u662fBSD\u985e\u7684\u8b8a\u9ad4(\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u9019\u6a23)\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u7121\u7919GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u8edf \u9ad4\u4f7f\u7528\u6bd4\u7387\u4e0a\u5c45\u65bc\u5bb0\u5236\u6027\u591a\u6578\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u9019\u500b\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002<\/p>\n

9. A survey of FLOSS developers in Asia by Shimizu et al. in 2003-2004<\/a> found that across Asia, 64.7% preferred “GPL-compatible” licenses (presumably they meant GPL or LGPL licenses) while 15% preferred BSD-style, and in Japan, 42% preferred “GPL-compatible” licenses while 30.2% preferred BSD style licenses.<\/p>\n

9\u3001\u5728Shimizu\u7b49\u4eba2003\u5e74\u81f32004\u5e74\u65bc\u4e9e\u6d32\u5730\u5340\u505a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u958b\u767c\u8005\u8abf\u67e5\u5206\u6790\u4e00\u6587<\/a>\u88e1\uff0c \u5176\u767c\u73fe64.7%\u7684\u958b\u767c\u8005\u504f\u597d\u9078\u7528\u300cGPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u689d\u6b3e(\u5c31\u672c\u6587\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7279\u6307GPL\u6216\u662fLGPL\u7b49\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u7de8\u5beb\u7684\u516c\u773e\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u300d\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\u5176\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u6709 15%\u7684\u958b\u767c\u8005\u504f\u597dBSD\u985e\u578b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff1b\u800c\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u7d04\u670942%\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u958b\u767c\u8005\u504f\u597d\u9078\u7528\u300cGPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u689d\u6b3e\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u670930.2%\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u958b\u767c\u8005\u504f\u597dBSD \u985e\u578b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u3002<\/p>\n

Karl Fogel’s “Producing Open Source Software: How to Run a Successful Free Software Project<\/a> says that “If you want your code to be able to be mixed freely with GPLed code \u2014 and there’s a lot of GPLed code out there – you should pick a GPL-compatible license.<\/a>”<\/p>\n

Karl Fogel\u6240\u64b0\u300c\u958b\u767c\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\uff1a\u5982\u4f55\u71df\u904b\u4e00\u500b\u6210\u529f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u300d\u4e00\u6587<\/a>\u4e2d\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u958b\u5b97\u660e\u7fa9\u7684\u7834\u984c\u8aaa\u5230\uff1a\u300c\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u60f3\u8b93\u6240\u5beb\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u80fd\u5920\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u53d7\u9650\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u4ee5GPL\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u76f8\u878d-\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u597d\u8655\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u80fd\u53d6\u7528\u7684GPL\u91cb\u51fa\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u975e\u5e38\u8c50\u5bcc-\u90a3\u9ebc\u60a8\u5c31\u8a72\u679c\u65b7\u7684\u9078\u7528\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u3002<\/a>\u300d<\/p>\n

You ignore this amount of code and support at your project\u2019s peril.<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u6368\u68c4\u4e86\u53d6\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u773e\u591aGPL\u91cb\u51fa\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u90a3\u7121\u7591\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u7f6e\u60a8\u81ea\u884c\u7de8\u5beb\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u70ba\u5b64\u9db5\uff0c\u800c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u7db2\u8def\u793e\u7fa4\u5171\u5de5\u7684\u5967\u63f4\u800c\u6709\u4e2d\u65b7\u958b\u767c\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u3002<\/p>\n

Other projects show GPL compatibility important-\u6bd4\u5c0d\u8457\u540d\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u7684\u958b\u767c\u6b77\u7a0b\u4ee5\u63ed\u9732GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027<\/span><\/p>\n

Want more evidence that GPL compatibility is important? Several large, high-profile OSS\/FS projects have undergone painful changes to make themselves GPL-compatible:<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u4ee5\u4e0aGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7368\u5927\u7684\u5e02\u4f54\u7387\u9084\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u52f8\u670d\u60a8\uff0c\u8acb\u518d\u53c3\u95b1\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5e7e\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u754c\u88e1\u5177\u6307\u6a19\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u5176\u6388\u6b0a\u65b9\u5f0f\u8f49\u63db\u6b77\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u76f8\u7576\u7a0b\u5ea6\u70ba\u60a8\u63ed\u9732GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u70ba\u4f55\uff1a<\/p>\n

1. The widely-used Python<\/a> language underwent major license changes in 2001 so that version 2.1 and on would be GPL-compatible.<\/p>\n

1\u3001\u6975\u4e4b\u8457\u540d\u4e14\u5ee3\u70ba\u4f7f\u7528\u7684Python<\/a>\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a9e\u8a00\u65bc2001\u5e74\u9593\u5728\u6388\u6b0a\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u8b8a\u9769\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u7684\u6539\u8b8a\u52d5\u6a5f\u5c31\u662f\u8b93Python\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u81ea2.1\u4ee5\u5f8c\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u9593\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

2. The popular text editor vim<\/a> became GPL-compatible, after a long legal discussion<\/a>. Linux Journal magazine has awarded vim as the most popular editor multiple times, so this isn\u2019t an obscure program.<\/p>\n

2\u3001\u6b77\u7d93\u4e86\u6f2b\u9577\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6388\u6b0a\u722d\u8b70\u8a0e\u8ad6<\/a>\u5f8c\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u8a31\u591a\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u559c\u611b\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u7de8\u8f2f\u5668vim<\/a>\u7d42\u65bc\u4e5f\u8b8a\u7684\u80fd\u8207GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u4e86\u3002Linux Journal\u9019\u672c\u96dc\u8a8c\u66fe\u7d93\u591a\u6b21\u7a31\u8a31vim\u70ba\u6700\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u7de8\u8f2f\u5668\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9019\u53ef\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u9ed8\u9ed8\u7121\u540d\u7684\u96de\u808b\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5594\u3002<\/p>\n

3. Mozilla<\/a> also underwent a complex relicensing scheme, again, to resolve perceived incompatibilities between their older licenses and the GPL.<\/p>\n

3\u3001Mozilla<\/a>\u9019\u500b\u8457\u540d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u7fa4(\u5176\u4e0b\u8f44\u6709\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u975e\u5e38\u9a5a\u4eba\u7684\u7db2\u8def\u700f\u89bd\u5668Mozilla Firefox)\uff0c\u5728\u9577\u6642\u9593\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5f8c\u4e5f\u5fae\u8abf\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4e3b\u8981\u5c31\u662f\u70ba\u4e86\u89e3\u6c7a\u820a\u7248MPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7121\u6cd5\u8207GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n

4. Zope<\/a> also transitioned from their \u201cZope Public License version 1\u201d (which was GPL-incompatible) to a GPL-compatible license.<\/p>\n

4\u3001Zope<\/a>\u4e5f\u662f\u6210\u529f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\uff0c\u5176\u4ea6\u63da\u68c4\u820a\u7248\u7684\u300cZope\u516c\u773e\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e1.x\u7248\u300d\uff0c\u8f49\u800c\u6539\u7528\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u76f8\u5bb9\u76842.x\u7248\uff0c\u6b64\u4ea6\u70ba\u4e00\u5411GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u9760\u650f\u7684\u8457\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n

5. The University of California at Berkeley released a large quantity of code (the Berkeley Software Distribution, BSD) that became the basis of the various *BSD systems. The original BSD license included an awkward advertizing requirement that was GPL-incompatible. After many requests (including notes that the license was GPL-incompatible), Berkeley decided to change the license in 1999 making this code GPL-compatible (the FSF has a page discussing the original BSD advertizing clause<\/a> from their perspective).<\/p>\n

5\u3001\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b78\u67cf\u514b\u840a\u5206\u6821\u91cb\u51fa\u4e86\u8a31\u591a\u4ee5BSD\u689d\u6b3e\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\uff0c\u53ef\u8aaa\u662fBSD\u985e\u4f5c\u696d\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u9aa8\u5e79\u800c\u5c45\u529f\u53a5\u5049\u3002\u4f46\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u4f86\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u754c\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b \u5f0f\u78bc\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u5176\u9069\u7528\u4e0a\u7684\u56f0\u64fe\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u65e9\u671f\u7684BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u9805\u300c\u5ee3\u544a\u689d\u6b3e\u300d\u7684\u8072\u660e\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u9805\u8072\u660e\u6070\u662f\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u6240\u7121\u6cd5\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u65bcBSD\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4 \u7a0b\u5f0f\u96d6\u7d66\u4e88\u5f8c\u624b\u6975\u5927\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u53ca\u61c9\u7528\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4f46\u524d\u8ff0\u9019\u4e9b\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u537b\u7121\u6cd5\u8207\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u754c\u88e1\u6700\u5927\u5206\u652f\u7684GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4ea4\u76f8\u878d\u5408\u3002\u6b64\u4e00\u4e0d\u4fbf\u5728\u6b77\u7d93\u8a31\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u547c \u7c72\u548c\u9673\u60c5\u5f8c\uff0c\u52a0\u5dde\u67cf\u514b\u840a\u5206\u6821\u7d42\u65bc1999\u5e74\u505a\u51fa\u6b63\u5f0f\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u5176\u767c\u8868\u6b63\u5f0f\u8072\u660e\u522a\u9664\u539fBSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u689d\u300c\u5ee3\u544a\u689d\u6b3e\u300d\uff0c\u6b64\u5f8c\u7684BSD\u7248\u672c\u5373\u53ef\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d \u6b3e\u76f8\u5408(\u6709\u8208\u8da3\u6df1\u5165\u4e86\u89e3\u6b64\u6bb5\u722d\u8b70\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u3001\u53ef\u53c3\u95b1\u6b64\u4e00\u9023\u7d50\u5167\u5bb9<\/a>\uff0c\u5167\u5bb9\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u5f9e\u8ffd\u6c42\u300c\u8edf\u9ad4\u81ea\u7531\u7406\u5ff5\u300d\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8a55\u8ad6\u820a\u7248BSD\u7684\u5ee3\u544a\u689d\u6b3e\u3002)<\/p>\n

6. Apache changed their license to \u201cversion 2.0\u201d, and one of their goals was to be \u201ccompatible with other open source licenses, such as the GPL\u201d. Unfortunately, the Apache Software Foundation believes Apache License version 2.0 is compatible with the GPL version 2<\/a>, while the Free Software Foundation\u2019s legal team asserts that Apache License version 2.0 is not GPL-compatible.<\/a> Since that time, the FSF and Apache Software Foundation have been working together, and GPL version 3 is known to be compatible with the Apache License version 2.0 (Apache co-founder Brian Behlendorf is delighted by the Apache 2.0 \/ GPLv3 license compatibility<\/a>). This long history makes it clear that both sides believe that GPL compatibility is an important advantage in an OSS\/FS license.<\/p>\n

6\u3001Apache\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u4e16\u754c\u88e1\u65bc\u7db2\u8def\u4f3a\u670d\u5668\u65b9\u9762\u8868\u73fe\u5091\u51fa\u7684\u8981\u89d2\uff0c\u5176\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7531Apache1.0\u5347\u7d1a\u81f3Apache2.0\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b \u4e00\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u589e\u52a0Apache\u8edf\u9ad4\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u3001\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u5de6\u53f3\u5176\u6539\u7248\u8003\u91cf\u7684\u91cd\u9ede\u9805\u76ee\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u9019\u500b\u722d\u8b70 \u5728Apache\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u6539\u7248\u70ba2.0\u5f8c\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u99ac\u4e0a\u88ab\u5f2d\u5e73\uff0c\u5c31Apache\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\u3001Apache\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e2.0\u7684\u7248\u672c\u5df2\u7136\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e2.0\u76f8\u5bb9<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u986f\u7136\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u5c31\u6b64\u4e8b\u6301\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8aee\u5546\u5718\u968a\u516c\u958b\u5ba3\u7a31Apache\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e2.0\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u6709\u82e5\u5e72\u898f\u5b9a\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408GPL\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\u9020\u6210\u4e8c\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9<\/a>\u3002\u5f9e\u90a3\u6642\u5019\u958b\u59cb\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u8207Apache\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u958b\u59cb\u651c\u624b\u5354\u5546\u89e3\u6c7a\u6b64\u4e00\u722d\u8b70\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u5176\u5f8c\u7de8\u64b0\u7684GPL3.0\u7684\u7248\u672c\u5373\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u8207Apache2.0\u76f8\u5bb9\u7121\u7591(\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3001\u53ef\u53c3\u95b1Apache\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5275\u59cb\u4ebaBrian Behlendorf\u6240\u767c\u8868\u95dc\u65bc\u6b64\u4e8b\u7684\u6790\u8ad6<\/a>)\u3002 \u5f9e\u9019\u6bb5\u5197\u9577\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u6539\u7248\u6b77\u53f2\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u77e5\u9053\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u6216\u662fApache\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\uff0c\u90fd\u8a8d\u77e5\u5230\u4ed6\u7a2e\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u80fd\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4fdd\u6709 \u76f8\u5bb9\u7a7a\u9593\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u6216\u662f\u7406\u5ff5\u6d3e\u7684GPL\u504f\u597d\u793e\u7fa4\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u5f48\u6027\u4e92\u5bb9\u6a5f\u5236\u800c\u4e92\u8499\u5176\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n

7. The toolkit Qt<\/a> (the basis of KDE) originally had a GPL-incompatible license. Its owners now dual-license Qt with the GPL so that Qt is GPL-compatible.<\/p>\n

7\u3001\u632a\u5a01Trolltech\u516c\u53f8\u7684Qt\u5de5\u5177\u7d44<\/a>(KDE \u7a97\u9762\u7cfb\u7d71\u88e1\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5143\u4ef6)\u672c\u4f86\u662f\u4ee5QPL\u70ba\u5176\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u8207GPL\u7d55\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u3002\u4f46Trolltech\u55e3\u5f8c\u6539\u5f26\u6613\u8f4d\u4ee5\u96d9\u91cd\u6388\u6b0a\u6a21\u5f0f\u4f86\u91cb \u51faQt\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5546\u696d\u6388\u6b0a\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u5916\u3001\u53e6\u4e00\u624b\u662f\u9078\u64c7\u4ee5GPL\u70ba\u5176\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u518d\u5ef6\u7528\u5176\u81ea\u884c\u7de8\u5beb\u7684QPL\uff0c\u5f9e\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4f86\u770b\u3001GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u76f8 \u5bb9\u6027\u9020\u6210\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u8996\u3002<\/p>\n

8. As noted in Wine history<\/a>, the Wine project<\/a>‘s “history of licensing has sparked many debates.” The WINE project originally had the BSD-old license, a GPL-incompatible license; this incompatibility with the GPL drove the developers to switch to the GPL-compatible X11 license in January 2000. Many developers expressed concern about appropriation of the code by commercial entities, so in March 2002 the developers agreed to switch Wine to the LGPL license. The “ReWind” project was created for those who wanted an X11-licensed codebase, but most developers decided to focus their efforts on synchronizing with the LGPL’ed Wine, and the vast majority of development and new features appear there first. The Wine project reports that shortly after changing the license to the LGPL, development began to pick up at a greater pace (more patches began to appear, the leader Alexandre made more CVS commits, and more applications were reported to work).<\/p>\n

8\u3001Wine<\/a>\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u8457\u540d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u3001\u5176\u8b93\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728Linux\u4e0b\u6a21\u64ec\u5fae\u8edfWindows\u7684\u4f5c\u696d\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u4e26\u9032\u800c\u5f97\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u67d0\u4e9b\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u5fae\u8edfWindows\u4e0b\u904b\u4f5c\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002\u5176\u5c08\u6848\u7db2\u9801\u4e0a\u53ef\u67e5\u627e\u5230Wine\u9019\u500b\u5c08\u6848\u7684\u958b\u767c\u6b77\u7a0b<\/a>\uff0c \u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u660e\u8ff0\u300cWine\u66fe\u5728\u7814\u767c\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6b77\u7d93\u591a\u6b21\u6388\u6b0a\u65b9\u5f0f\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u722d\u8faf\u53ca\u706b\u82b1\u300d\u3002\u600e\u9ebc\u8aaa\u5462?\u521d\u59cb\u4e4b\u6642\u3001Wine\u5c08\u6848\u662f\u4ee5\u820a\u7248\u7684\u56db\u6b3eBSD\u70ba\u5176\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c \u6b64\u6642\u56e0\u70ba\u820a\u7248BSD\u7684\u300c\u5ee3\u544a\u689d\u6b3e\u300d\u800c\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7121\u6cd5\u76f8\u5bb9\uff1b\u9019\u500b\u8207GPL\u7121\u6cd5\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u8feb\u4f7fWine\u7684\u7814\u767c\u8005\uff0c\u65bc2000\u5e741\u6708\u4efd\u6539\u7528\u8207GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684 X11\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u4f46\u6388\u6b0a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u722d\u8b70\u4e26\u672a\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u5875\u57c3\u5e95\u5b9a\uff1b\u8a31\u591aWine\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u958b\u767c\u8005\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7591\u616e\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662fWine\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u4f86\u6e90\u662f\u7531\u5546\u696d\u5718\u9ad4\u6240\u63d0 \u4f9b\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c07\u5176\u4e00\u6982\u7e69\u4ee5X11\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u62d8\u675f\u662f\u5426\u5408\u5b9c?\u662f\u4ee5\u5230\u4e862002\u5e743\u6708\u9019\u4e9b\u7a0b\u5f0f\u958b\u767c\u8005\u4fbf\u6c7a\u8b70\u5c07Wine\u8f49\u800c\u4f7f\u7528LGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u6563\u5e03 (LGPL\u8207GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5176\u4ea6\u5bb9\u8a31\u4e00\u5b9a\u7bc4\u570d\u4e0b\u5546\u696d\u8edf\u9ad4\u8207LGPL\u7a0b\u5f0f\u9023\u7d50\u904b\u4f5c\u537b\u4e0d\u4e92\u76f8\u96dc\u63c9\u5e72\u6d89\u7684\u61c9\u7528\u6a21\u5f0f)\u3002\u300cReWind\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5b50\u8a08\u5283\u3001\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u610f \u6b32\u5c07Wine\u540c\u6b65\u4ee5X11\u53caLGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7814\u767c\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u5c08\u6848\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u7814\u767c\u8005\u5e0c\u671b\u4fdd\u6709\u4ee5X11\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u578b\u614b\uff0c\u4f46\u6b64\u6642\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7814\u767c\u8005\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5df2 \u8f49\u800c\u5c08\u6ce8\u5230LGPL\u91cb\u51fa\u7684Wine\u5c08\u6848\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b64\u6642\u96d6\u7136Wine\u517c\u6709\u4ee5X11\u53caLGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5f8c\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u7684\u6539\u826f\u53ca\u7522\u51fa\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u5728\u6642\u6548\u4e0a\u6216\u6578\u91cf \u4e0a\uff0cLGPL\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u7248\u672c\u90fd\u4f54\u9818\u5148\u8da8\u52e2\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u7d42\u65bc\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5177\u5f37\u8cea\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u597d\u8655(LGPL\u91cb\u51fa\u7248\u672c\u53ef\u8cc7\u904b\u7528\u7684\u4fee\u88dc\u6a94\u8f03\u591a\uff0c\u4e14\u7db2\u53cb\u56de\u5831\u7a0b\u5f0f\u81ed \u87f2\u7684\u6548\u7387\u6216\u662f\u4e0a\u50b3\u76f8\u95dc\u61c9\u7528\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u6578\u91cf\u8f03\u4e4bX11\u55ae\u8ecc\u91cb\u51fa\u6642\u671f\u6709\u986f\u8457\u7684\u63d0\u5347)\u3002<\/p>\n

9. Alfresco relicensed their enterprise content management program<\/a> from the MPL to the GPL (both FLOSS licenses, but the MPL is GPL-incompatible). Stephen Shankland’s article on Alfresco<\/a> reports Matt Asay (Alfresco’s vice president of marketing) saying that moving to the GPL removes some barriers, and allows Alfresco able to easily integrate with other GPL projects. It also quotes 451 Group analyst Raven Zachary saying that, “Alfresco’s use of the GPL license for its Community Edition allows for potentially greater community contributions due to license familiarity and established standards.”<\/p>\n

9\u3001Alfresco\u662f\u6709\u76f8\u7576\u540d\u8072\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7814\u767c\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5176\u8f49\u63db\u4e86\u65d7\u4e0b\u7684\u4f01\u696d\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7ba1\u7406\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u65b9\u5f0f<\/a>\uff0c\u5f9eMPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u6539\u6210\u4e86GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e(\u7686\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u985e\u7684\u516c\u773e\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u4f46MPL\u5411\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9)\u3002\u6839\u64daStephen Shankland\u5c0dAlfresco\u64b0\u5beb\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u65b0\u805e<\/a>\uff0c \u5176\u4e2d\u5831\u5c0e\u4e86Matt Asay(Alfresco\u92b7\u552e\u90e8\u526f\u7406)\u91dd\u5c0d\u6388\u6b0a\u8f49\u63db\u4e00\u4e8b\u5c0d\u5916\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u8072\u660e\uff0c\u5176\u8a8d\u70ba\u5c07\u5c08\u6848\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u8f49\u63db\u70baGPL\u5f8c\u53ef\u6d88\u5f2d\u8a31\u591a\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7de8\u5beb\u4e0a\u7684\u969c\u7919\uff0c\u8b6c\u5982\u8f49\u63db\u5f8c\u7684 Alfresco\u5c08\u6848\u4fbf\u53ef\u8f15\u6613\u7684\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u773e\u591aGPL\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u8aaa\u662fAlfresco\u8457\u773c\u6c38\u7e8c\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u5229\u57fa\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u4ea6\u5f15\u8ff0\u4e86\u5206\u6790\u5bb6Raven Zachary\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\uff1a\u300cAlfresco\u5c0d\u5176\u793e\u7fa4\u7248\u672c\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u6539\u63a1GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u91cb\u51fa\uff0c\u6b64\u53ef\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5438\u5f15\u8edf\u9ad4\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u958b\u767c\u8005\u5c0dAlfresco\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u63d0\u4f9b\u8ca2\u737b\uff0c \u56e0\u70ba\u591a\u6578\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7de8\u5beb\u8005\u5c0d\u65bcGPL\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u6a21\u5f0f\u6700\u70ba\u719f\u6089\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u6b64\u4e00\u4f5c\u70ba\u6709\u52a9\u65bc\u7de8\u5beb\u4e0a\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u7d71\u4e00\u5283\u9f4a\u3002\u300d<\/p>\n

Multiple major projects don\u2019t undergo painful license changes unless they have a reason to do so. The GPL is so popular that GPL compatibility is now an important requirement in a license. Eirik Eng, president of Trolltech (owner of Qt), explained Trolltech\u2019s actions by saying, \u201clately the GPL has been used more and more for newly opened source [software].\u201d The article “Replacing init with Upstart<\/a>” notes that when the authors were starting their “Upstart” project, they looked at existing systems as a starting point, and Sun’s SMF and Apple’s program ‘launchd’ “were immediately ruled out due to licence issues. It was important for us that the solution be uncontroversially free so that other distributions might adopt it; many had already rejected these for GPL incompatibility reasons.”<\/p>\n

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Sun\u2019s Solaris operating system was released under the CDDL, a GPL-incompatible FLOSS license. Sun has every right to release their software under whatever license they choose (within the law), of course. However, Groklaw\u2019s article \u201cSun Responds to Criticism of CDDL\u201d<\/a> states that because the CDDL is not GPL-compatible, Sun will not gain the community support it hopes to garner from using the CDDL. The article predicts that \u201cThe result will be, though, that Linux will continue to develop more quickly and it will bury Sun\u2019s license and its code… Sun is free to cut itself off from that, if it so chooses, but it will reap what it sows. If they imagined that the world would drop the GPL and adopt the CDDL instead, I trust by now they realize that isn\u2019t going to happen… I seriously doubt that any license that is GPL\/LGPL incompatible will be widely adopted.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u503c\u5f97\u63a2\u8a0e\u7684\u662f\u3001\u6607\u967d\u5c07\u5176\u4e0bSolaris\u4f5c\u696d\u7cfb\u7d71\u4ee5CDDL\u9032\u884c\u6388\u6b0a\u91cb\u51fa\uff0cCDDL\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6539\u5beb\u81eaMPL\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u8207MPL\u5177\u6709\u540c\u6a23 \u7684\u554f\u984c\u61f8\u800c\u672a\u89e3\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u5920\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u76f8\u5bb9\u3002\u7576\u7136\u3001\u4f9d\u64da\u8457\u4f5c\u6b0a\u6cd5\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\uff0c\u6607\u967d\u516c\u53f8\u6709\u6b0a\u5c07\u5176\u6240\u7814\u767c\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u6b3e\u8edf\u9ad4\u4ee5\u5176\u504f\u597d\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u65b9\u5f0f\u91cb\u51fa\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u3001 \u53c3\u95b1\u8457\u540d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u722d\u8b70\u8a55\u8ad6\u7db2\u7ad9Groklaw\u9019\u7bc7\u300c\u6607\u967d\u5c0dCDDL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u56de\u61c9\u300d\u4e00\u6587<\/a>\uff0c \u8a55\u8ad6\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u4e86\u7576\u7684\u6307\u51fa\u3001\u56e0\u6607\u967d\u57f7\u610f\u63a1\u7528\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u91cb\u51fa\u5176Solaris\uff0c\u5176\u5c07\u7121\u6cd5\u5f97\u5230\u591a\u6578\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u958b\u767c\u8005\u793e\u7fa4\u7684\u5967\u63f4\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8a55\u8ad6\u8005\u9810 \u4f30Linux\u4ecd\u6703\u6301\u7e8c\u6210\u9577\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u6700\u5f8c\u7d42\u5c07\u84cb\u904eSolaris\u73fe\u968e\u6bb5\u8d0f\u5f97\u7684\u821e\u53f0\u53ca\u76ee\u5149\uff0c\u65bc\u5176\u6642\u3001\u6607\u967d\u7576\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u58ef\u58eb\u65b7\u8155\u7684\u505c\u6b62\u958b\u767cSolaris\u76f8\u95dc\u8a08\u756b\uff0c\u4f46 \u9019\u9ebc\u4e00\u4f86\u5c31\u5931\u537b\u4e86\u5176\u539f\u672c\u8981\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u6a21\u5f0f\u71df\u904b\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u7684\u9810\u671f\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6607\u967d\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u7684\u60f3\u50cf\u662f\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u958b\u767c\u8005\u6703\u63da\u68c4GPL\u800c\u6539\u63a1CDDL\u7684\u4e2d\u5eb8 \u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u6211\u76f8\u4fe1\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u70ba\u6b62\u6607\u967d\u516c\u53f8\u61c9\u8a72\u4e86\u89e3\u5230\u9019\u500b\u7b97\u76e4\u662f\u5df2\u7136\u6253\u4e0d\u97ff\u4e86\uff0c\u5c31\u7b46\u8005\u7684\u500b\u4eba\u770b\u6cd5\u4f86\u8aaa\u3001\u6211\u5f37\u70c8\u61f7\u7591\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u754c\uff0c\u80fd\u6709\u4ec0\u9ebc\u7121\u6cd5\u8207GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u65b0\u5f0f\u6388\u6b0a \u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u537b\u9084\u80fd\u5920\u70ba\u4eba\u5ee3\u70ba\u6563\u4f48\u53d6\u7528\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n

More recently, in November 2006 Sun announced that they would be releasing their implementation of Java. The license? The GPL, along with a few LGPL-like-exceptions for their library – and not the CDDL.<\/p>\n

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There\u2019s also recent evidence that GPL compatibility is important from one project that\u2019s tried to go from GPL-compatible to GPL-incompatible: XFree86. The XFree86 project historically led development of a popular X server, and traditionally the vast majority of its code used the simple \u201cMIT\/X\u201d open source license that is GPL-compatible. The XFree86 president, David Dawes, decided to change the XFree86 license to one that wasn\u2019t GPL-compatible, primarily to give developers more credit. In the end, this change led to a mass exodus, as nearly all developers and users immediately abandoned XFree86, because of this attempt to switch to a GPL-incompatible license. See my appendix on XFree86<\/a> for more detailed information about this.<\/p>\n

\u6211\u5011\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u8209\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5f9eGPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u8d70\u5411GPL\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u53cd\u5411\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0cXFree86\u3001\u4ee5\u5f70\u660eGPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u672a\u4f86\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u97ff\u6027\u3002 XFree86\u9019\u500b\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u4f86\u90fd\u5728X\u4f3a\u670d\u5668\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u767c\u5c55\u4e0a\u5c45\u65bc\u9818\u5c0e\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u5176\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u662f\u4ee5MIT\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4f86\u9032\u884c\u6563\u5e03\uff0c\u65bcGPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027 \u65b9\u9762\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u554f\u984c\u3002\u4f46\u5f8c\u4f86XFree86\u7684\u5c08\u6848\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u3001David Dawes\uff0c\u5176\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5c07XFree86\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f9eMIT\u79fb\u8f49\u70ba\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u8207GPL\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u66f4\u52d5\u4e3b\u8981\u8457\u773c\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e0a\u7d66\u4e88\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u7814\u767c \u8005\u66f4\u70ba\u8a73\u76e1\u7684\u986f\u540d\u8072\u660e\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6700\u5f8c\u3001\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u8f49\u63db\u5c0d\u5c08\u6848\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u6975\u4e4b\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u50b7\u5bb3\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684XFree86\u7814\u767c\u8005\u53ca\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u90fd\u6452\u68c4\u4e0d\u518d\u7e7c\u7e8c\u4f7f\u7528 XFree86\uff0c\u5c31\u56e0\u70ba\u6b64\u6642XFree86\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u5176\u518d\u4e5f\u7121\u6cd5\u8207\u5176\u4ed6GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u76f8\u5bb9\u3002\u6709\u8208\u8da3\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4e86\u89e3XFree86\u6388\u6b0a\u8f49\u79fb\u76f8\u95dc\u8cc7\u8a0a\u7684\u8b80 \u8005\uff0c\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1\u672c\u6587\u95dc\u65bcXFree86\u7684\u9644\u9304\u3002<\/p>\n

Samba’s Volker Lendecke<\/a> stated that any European Commission remedies involving Microsoft’s release of data would require the use of a GPL-compatible license. So even data releases – not just software code – are being examined to see if they are GPL-compatible.<\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\u3001\u8f49\u8ff0Samba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e2b\uff0cVolker Lendecke\u5c0d\u65bc\u6b50\u6d32\u8b70\u6703\u4fee\u6b63\u5fae\u8edf\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u7af6\u722d\u73fe\u6cc1\u7684\u5efa\u8a00<\/a>\uff0c \u5176\u8a8d\u70ba\u975e\u50c5\u6b62\u65bc\u7a0b\u5f0f\u539f\u59cb\u78bc\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u5c31\u9023\u5fae\u8edf\u6240\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u6a94\u6848\u8cc7\u6599\u683c\u5f0f\u4ea6\u61c9\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u76f8\u5408\uff0c\u65b9\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u89e3\u6c7a\u5fae\u8edf\u633e\u5176\u5e02\u4f54\u7387\u884c\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\u4e4b\u5be1\u5360\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\u3001 \u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u63a5\u8ecc\u4e43\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0d\u505c\u88ab\u5411\u4e0a\u63d0\u5347\u7684\u8a34\u6c42\uff0c\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6b0a\u5229\u4eba\u5982\u6b32\u5c07\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u91cb\u51fa\uff0c\u5c31\u5176\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u672a\u4f86\u767c\u5c55\u5fc5\u7136\u5f97\u8003\u616e\u5230\uff0cGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e \u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u9577\u9060\u4e14\u5de8\u5927\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u88e1\uff0cGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u8a34\u6c42\u4e43\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8457\u4f5c\u6b0a\u5229\u4eba\u9808\u65bc\u7a0b\u5f0f\u6563\u5e03\u524d\u518d\u4e09\u5fd6\u5ea6\u3001\u7121\u53ef\u898f\u907f\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u601d\u8003\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n

Some GPL-incompatible licenses to avoid-\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u8207GPL\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u3001\u662f\u60a8\u53d6\u7528\u524d\u9808\u5be9\u614e\u8a55\u4f30\u4e26\u4e14\u6700\u597d\u907f\u514d\u63a1\u7528\u7684<\/span><\/p>\n

There are many GPL-incompatible licenses that you should avoid releasing software under if at all possible. We’ve already mentioned the CDDL; here are some others:<\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6703\u63d0\u5230\u5e7e\u6b3e\u7565\u6709\u540d\u6c23\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5be6\u5b83\u5011\u662f\u8207GPL\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u53d6\u7528\u5176\u70ba\u7a0b\u5f0f\u91cb\u51fa\u6642\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0b\u6703\u70ba\u60a8\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5e36\u4f86\u5f8c \u7e8c\u958b\u767c\u4e0a\u7684\u56f0\u64fe\uff0c\u5c31\u4e00\u822c\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u958b\u767c\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00(\u5982\u679c\u60a8\u662f\u5c08\u9580\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5546\u696d\u71df\u904b\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5247\u81ea\u7136\u53e6\u6709\u5805\u6301\u8003\u91cf\u5427?)\uff0c\u60a8\u61c9\u8a72\u76e1\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u5011\u3002\u4e4b\u524d\u5df2 \u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u6607\u967d\u7684CDDL\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5c31\u70ba\u60a8\u4ecb\u7d39\u9808\u7279\u5225\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u689d\u6b3e\uff1a<\/p>\n

1. Avoid the original (“4-clause”) BSD license. The original BSD license included a clause now called the \u201cobnoxious BSD advertising clause\u201d. This stated that:
\nAll advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software must display the following acknowledgement: “This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. ”<\/p>\n

1\u3001 \u8acb\u76e1\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u820a\u7248(\u56db\u6b3e)\u7684BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\u60a8\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002\u6b64\u4e00\u7248\u672c\u7684BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u542b\u6709\u4e00\u6b3e\u300c\u8b93\u4eba\u5acc\u60e1\u56f0\u64fe\u7684\u5ee3\u544a\u689d\u6b3e\u300d\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u300c\u4efb\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u4e00\u8edf\u9ad4\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u65bc\u6563\u5e03\u4fc3\u92b7\u6642\u9808\u516c\u544a\u660e\u793a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u986f\u540d\u8072\u660e\uff1a\u300e\u6b64\u4e00\u7522\u54c1\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b78\u67cf\u514b\u840a\u5206\u6821\u53ca\u5176\u8ca2\u737b\u8005\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002\u300f\u300d<\/p>\n

This made it incompatible with the GPL, as well as introducing practical problems noted by the FSF<\/a>. The problem is that when code is merged together (and it is), and everyone adds their own name (they did), people couldn’t advertize without listing potentially hundreds of people – making this completely clause impractical as software scaled. In June 1999, after two years of discussions, the University of California removed this clause from the license of BSD. Thus, this is an obsolete license that should no longer be used; use licenses such as the “new BSD” aka “modified BSD” or “3-clause BSD” license instead.<\/p>\n

\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u5e7e\u884c\u5b57\u4f7f\u5f97\u820a\u7248\u7684BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7121\u6cd5\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u56e0\u70baGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u57282.0\u7248\u672c\u6642\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u5920\u8b93\u6563\u5e03\u8005\u589e\u6dfb\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u9805\u5176\u689d\u6b3e\u672c\u7121\u7684 \u9650\u5236\u81f3\u689d\u6b3e\u5167\u5bb9\u88e1\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u9805\u5ee3\u544a\u689d\u6b3e\u3001\u5373\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5c0d\u65bc\u6536\u53d7\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8005\u589e\u6dfb\u4e86GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u672c\u7121\u7684\u300c\u984d\u5916\u9650\u5236\u300d\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u4f86\u8aaa\u5373\u70ba\u903e\u8d8a\u4e86GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u614b\u6a23\uff0c\u66f4 \u8a73\u76e1\u7684\u8aaa\u7406\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u91dd\u5c0d\u6b64\u4e00\u554f\u984c\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5206\u6790<\/a>\u3002 \u800c\u5c31\u52d9\u5be6\u9762\u4f86\u8aaa\u3001\u820a\u7248BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u878d\u5408\u6642\uff0c\u4efb\u4e00\u5c0d\u65bc\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u6709\u8ca2\u737b\u8005\u90fd\u61c9\u63d0\u4f9b\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u9010\u4e00\u5217\u4e0a\u524d\u6709\u8ca2\u737b\u7684\u5148\u884c\u8005\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u500b\u6210\u529f\u7684 \u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u5f80\u5f80\u5f59\u96c6\u773e\u4eba\u7684\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u5f8c\u7e8c\u6b64\u7a2e\u986f\u540d\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u52d5\u8f12\u7f85\u5217\u4e0a\u767e\u4eba\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7de8\u5beb\u6563\u5e03\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5927\u4e0d\u6389\u7684\u8ca0\u7d2f\u53ca\u5305\u88b1\u3002\u662f\u4ee5\u57281999\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u4e86\u773e\u591a\u7db2 \u8def\u793e\u7fa4\u4e8c\u5e74\u671f\u9593\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\u53ca\u9673\u60c5\u5f8c\uff0c\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b78\u67cf\u514b\u840a\u5206\u6821\u7d42\u65bc\u6b63\u5f0f\u8072\u660e\u64a4\u9664\u4e86\u820a\u7248BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u6b64\u4e00\u6975\u5bcc\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u7684\u300c\u5ee3\u544a\u689d\u6b3e\u300d\u3002\u662f\u4ee5\u3001\u820a\u7248\u7684BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u53ef\u8aaa \u662f\u5df2\u7136\u88ab\u5ee2\u6b62\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u907a\u7269\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7de8\u5beb\u8005\u6c92\u6709\u7279\u5225\u7684\u5805\u6301\u7acb\u5834\u8acb\u4e0d\u8981\u9078\u7528\u5b83\uff0c\u60a8\u53ef\u9078\u7528\u53bb\u9664\u300c\u5ee3\u544a\u689d\u6b3e\u300d\u5f8c\u7684\u300c\u65b0\u7248BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e(\u4e09\u6b3eBSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e)\u300d\uff0c \u5176\u65b9\u53ef\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u76f8\u5bb9\u7121\u7919\u3002<\/p>\n

2. Avoid the “Academic Free License” (AFL). It has been claimed that the AFL was a \u201ccompatible upgrade\u201d from \u201clicenses such as BSD and MIT\u201d, but this is a misleading claim; as the FSF notes, “the modified BSD license and the X11 license (aka MIT) are GPL-compatible, but the AFL is not.” (at least version 1.1 and 2.1 are incompatible, and I believe that AFL version 3 is incompatible as well). The AFL has some nice properties from a legal point of view, but its GPL-incompatibility is a serious failing that completely dwarfs those advantages. Projects such as SHPTRANS<\/a> have noted the AFL incompatibility as a serious problem, and have chosen to not use the AFL for this reason. At one time some people in the OSI recommended the AFL, but as of July 30, 2007 the OSI lists the AFL license as being “redundant with more popular licenses”, and pointedly does not include it with “Licenses that are popular and widely used or with strong communities”.<\/p>\n

2\u3001\u8acb\u76e1\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528AFL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e(Academic Free License)\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\u60a8\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5ba3\u7a31AFL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u662fBSD\u53caMIT\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u300c\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u5347\u7d1a\u7248\u672c\u300d\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u500b\u8aa4\u89e3\uff1b\u53c3\u7167\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u7684\u5b98\u65b9 \u610f\u898b\uff0c\u5176\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u65b0\u7248\u7684BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u53caMIT\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u662f\u548cGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662fAFL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u537b\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u3002\u300d(\u5c31AFL\u689d\u6b3e\u5167\u5bb9\u4f86\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u51761.1 \u53ca2.1\u7248\u672c\u7686\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u7b46\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684AFL\u7b2c3\u7248\u61c9\u8a72\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u3002)\u8aa0\u7136\u3001AFL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5c31\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c0\u9ede\u800c\u8a00\u3001\u662f\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u5c0d\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5275\u4f5c\u9952\u5bcc \u8da3\u5473\u53ca\u5e6b\u52a9\u7684\u5275\u898b\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u9019\u9ede\uff0c\u5c31\u5927\u70ba\u5f31\u5316\u4e86\u5176\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u88ab\u5ee3\u70ba\u9078\u7528\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u50cf\u662fSHPTRANS\u9019\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848<\/a>\uff0c \u5c31\u662f\u6ce8\u610f\u5230AFL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u6709\u8457\u8207GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u6700\u7d42\u6c7a\u5b9a\u653e\u68c4\u9078\u7528AFL\u70ba\u5176\u7a0b\u5f0f\u91cb\u51fa\u6642\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u3002\u66fe\u7d93\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u671f\u9593\u3001\u958b\u653e\u6e90\u78bc\u4fc3\u9032\u6703\u751a\u70ba\u63a8\u5d07 AFL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u622a\u81f32007\u5e747\u670830\u65e5\u7b46\u8005\u767b\u9304\u958b\u653e\u6e90\u78bc\u4fc3\u9032\u6703\u7db2\u7ad9\u67e5\u627e\u7684\u7d50\u679c\uff0cAFL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u5df2\u7136\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u5177\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u958b\u653e \u6e90\u78bc\u4fc3\u9032\u6703\u5728\u5206\u985e\u4e0a\u5df2\u4e0d\u518d\u5c07\u5176\u6b78\u65bc\u300c\u5177\u666e\u904d\u4f7f\u7528\u6027\u6216\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u793e\u7fa4\u6240\u9078\u7528\u300d\u4e00\u985e\u5373\u70ba\u660e\u8a3c\u3002<\/p>\n

3. For now, avoid the “Common Public License” 1.0 (CPL), though this may change. The CPL is not nearly as popular as the GPL, LGPL, BSD-new, or MIT\/X11 licenses, but it has more uses than most other licenses. The CPL is even in the OSI’s list of “Licenses that are popular and widely used or with strong communities”. Some other licenses, such as the Eclipse license, are based on the CPL. It is known that the CPL is incompatible with GPLv2, so for the moment it is probably best avoided. However, it is possible that the CPL is compatible with GPL version 3, which would make it much more palatible and similar to the Apache 2.0 license (which is incompatible with GPLv2 but compatible with GPLv3). At the moment, I’d wait until there’s been lengthy legal analysis to settle the matter.<\/p>\n

3\u3001\u5f9e\u73fe\u5728\u958b\u59cb\u3001\u8acb\u76e1\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528CPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e(Common Public License 1.0)\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\u60a8\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\uff0c\u7576\u7136CPL\u55e3\u5f8c\u9084\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6539\u7248\uff0c\u4f46\u622a\u81f3\u76ee\u524d\u70ba\u6b62\u8acb\u81ea\u884c\u659f\u914c\u5f8c\u518d\u884c\u63a1\u7528\u3002CPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u96d6\u7136\u6bd4\u4e0d\u4e0aGPL\u3001LGPL\u3001\u4e09\u6b3e\u7684 BSD\uff0c\u53caMIT\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u4f46\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u76f8\u6bd4\u5176\u4ecd\u7b97\u5f97\u4e0a\u975e\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u3002\u5728\u958b\u653e\u6e90\u78bc\u4fc3\u9032\u6703\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u88e1\uff0cCPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u88ab\u5283\u6b78\u70ba\u300c\u5177\u666e\u904d\u4f7f\u7528\u6027\u6216\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u7684 \u8edf\u9ad4\u793e\u7fa4\u6240\u9078\u7528\u300d\u4e00\u985e\uff0c\u6b64\u5916\u9084\u6709\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u662f\u53c3\u7167CPL\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u4f86\u7de8\u5beb\uff0c\u5982Eclipse\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u65bcCPL\u6240\u884d\u751f\u7684\u7236\u5b50\u689d\u6b3e\u3002\u4f46\u622a\u81f3\u76ee \u524d\u70ba\u6b62\u3001CPL1.0\u7248\u672c\u8207GPL2.0\u7248\u672c\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u5167\u5bb9\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u5982\u60a8\u6709\u610f\u5f97\u5230\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7a0b\u5f0f\u76f8\u5bb9\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u597d\u8655\uff0c\u7576\u524d\u5c0d\u65bcCPL\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u9078\u7528\u4e0a\u9084\u662f\u4fdd \u5b88\u4e9b\u3001\u5c11\u7528\u70ba\u5999\u3002\u7576\u7136\u3001\u6216\u8a31\u65e5\u5f8cCPL\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u5167\u5bb9\u53ef\u4ee5\u8207\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u7684GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982Apache2.0\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6700\u597d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50(Apache2.0\u8207 GPL2.0\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f46\u537b\u53ef\u8207\u65b0\u7248\u7684GPL3.0\u76f8\u5bb9)\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u76ee\u524d\u70ba\u6b62\u7b46\u8005\u5c0dCPL\u7684\u5efa\u8b70\u662f\u3001\u8207\u5176\u7b49\u5f85\u5197\u9577\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6388\u6b0a\u722d\u8faf\u5875\u57c3\u5e95\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u5148\u884c\u89c0\u671b\u907f\u7528\u4ee5\u6e1b \u5c11\u9ebb\u7169\u3002<\/p>\n

4. Avoid the “Open Software License” (OSL). This is supposed to be a strongly protective license like the GPL. But it’s incompatible with the GPL, and almost no one uses this license, so any such code cannot use or be used by the vast majority of FLOSS projects. The FSF also believes that the distribution terms make normal development processes illegal, creating a severe practical problem<\/a>. Again, at one time some people in the OSI recommended the OSL, but as of July 30, 2007 the OSI lists the OSL license as being in the category “Other\/Miscellaneous licenses”, and pointedly does not include it with “Licenses that are popular and widely used or with strong communities”.<\/p>\n

4\u3001\u8acb\u76e1\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528OSL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e(Open Software License)\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\u60a8\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5c0d\u65bc\u8edf\u9ad4\u81ea\u7531\u7406\u5ff5\u76f8\u7576\u6709\u9632\u8b77\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u3001\u5b83\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u5920\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5f9e\u5be6\u800c \u8a00\u3001\u76ee\u524d\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u5c08\u6848\u63a1\u7528OSL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u64fa\u5728\u773c\u524d\u5c0dOSL\u689d\u6b3e\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u7684\u6700\u56b4\u5cfb\u8003\u9a57\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u9078\u7528OSL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u5c08\u6848\u4e26\u7121\u6cd5\u6458\u63a1\u73fe\u884c\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u4e16\u754c\u5df2\u7136 \u6210\u719f\u7684\u679c\u5be6\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u3001\u60a8\u5c07\u7121\u6cd5\u53d6\u7528\u5176\u4ed6\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u4ee5GPL\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\uff0c\u6163\u7528GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8a2d\u8a08\u5e2b\u4ea6\u7121\u6cd5\u53d6\u7528\u60a8\u4f9dOSL\u6240\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u4e26\u8a8d\u70baOSL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5728\u6563\u5e03\u689d\u6b3e\u65b9\u9762\u9817\u6709\u722d\u8b70\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5be6\u969b\u61c9\u7528\u4e0a\u6703\u5e36\u4f86\u4e00\u4e9b\u975e\u9810\u671f\u7684\u56b4\u91cd\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/a>\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u3001OSL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u6563\u5e03\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u958b\u653e\u6e90\u78bc\u4fc3\u9032\u6703\u4ea6\u66fe\u7d66\u4e88\u5176\u9817\u9ad8\u7684\u8a55\u50f9\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u7b46\u8005\u622a\u6b62\u65bc2007\u5e747\u670830\u65e5\u6240\u505a\u7684\u8abf\u67e5\uff0c\u986f\u793a\u958b\u653e\u6e90\u78bc\u5df2\u5c07\u5176\u6539\u5217\u5728\u4e0d\u5177\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u300c\u5176\u4ed6\/\u6df7\u5408\u985e\u578b\u300d\uff0c\u5df2\u4e0d\u518d\u6b78\u65bc\u300c\u5177\u666e\u904d\u4f7f\u7528\u6027\u6216\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u793e\u7fa4\u6240\u9078\u7528\u300d\u9019\u500b\u985e\u5225\u3002<\/p>\n

5. Avoid using the “Creative Commons” licenses for software. The Creative Commons FAQ says, “Creative Commons licenses are not intended to apply to software. They should not be used for software… [they don’t distinguish, as needed,] between object and source code… We strongly encourage you to use one of the very good software licenses available today [instead].”<\/a> Jay Tuley’s “5 reasons to not choose a CC license for code”<\/a> explains more. The debian-legal Summary of Creative Commons 2.0 Licenses<\/a> recommends that authors who wish to create works compatible with Debian’s “Debian Free Software Guidelines” should not use any of the licenses in the Creative Commons license suite; licenses with the “NonCommercial” or “NoDerivs” license elements are fundamentally incompatible with FLOSS, authors who use or are planning to use the Attribution 2.0 license should consider a similar Free Software license such as a BSD- or MIT-style license…, and Authors who use or are planning to use the Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license should consider a similar Free Software license such as the GNU General Public License [GPL]. The Creative Commons has “wrapped” the GPL<\/a> and LGPL<\/a> if you want to use the Creative Commons search engine.<\/p>\n

5\u3001\u8acb\u76e1\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u300c\u5275\u7528CC\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e(Creative Commons)\u300d\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\u60a8\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002Creative Commons\u7684\u5e38\u898b\u554f\u984c\u5217\u8868\u88e1\u660e\u793a\uff1a\u300c\u5275\u7528CC\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e26\u975e\u4f9b\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u91cb\u51fa\u6642\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u516c\u773e\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u60a8\u7121\u6cd5\u900f\u904e\u5275\u7528CC\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4f86\u91d0\u6e05\u7a0b\u5f0f\u539f\u59cb\u78bc\u8207\u76ee\u7684\u78bc\u7684 \u5206\u5225\u8207\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8acb\u4e0d\u8981\u8f15\u7387\u7684\u5c07\u5176\u5957\u7528\u5728\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4e0a\uff0c\u8f03\u8af8\u65bc\u5275\u7528CC\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u3001\u73fe\u5b58\u8a31\u591a\u8edf\u9ad4\u985e\u7684\u516c\u773e\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u66f4\u9069\u5408\u5957\u7528\u5728\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u4e8b\u52d9\u4e0a\uff0c Creative Commons\u7d44\u7e54\u5f37\u70c8\u5efa\u8b70\u60a8\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u5c31\u9019\u4e9b\u6388\u6b0a\u6587\u4ef6\u88e1\u9078\u7528\u4e00\u9805\u7b26\u5408\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u91cb\u51fa\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u689d\u6b3e\u3002<\/a> Jay Tuley\u6240\u8457\u300c\u4e94\u500b\u52f8\u670d\u60a8\u4e0d\u8981\u5229\u7528\u5275\u7528CC\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u91cb\u51fa\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u7684\u7406\u7531\u300d\u4e00\u6587<\/a>\u5c07\u6b64\u4e8b\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u66f4\u70ba\u6e05\u695a\u3002Debian vs. \u5275\u7528CC\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e2.0\u7248\u672c\u7684\u76f8\u5bb9\u5831\u544a\u66f8<\/a>\u4e2d\uff0c \u5f70\u660e\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u5275\u7528CC\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u9810\u8a2d\u6a19\u7ae0\u662f\u8207Debian\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u904b\u884c\u67b6\u69cb\u6709\u6240\u6096\u9006\u7684\uff0c\u8209\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\u3001\u5275\u7528CC\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u88e1\u300c\u975e\u5546\u696d\u6027\u4f7f\u7528\u300d\u53ca\u300c\u7981\u6b62\u6539\u4f5c\u300d\u5169\u9805 \u6a19\u7ae0\uff0c\u4fbf\u5fb9\u5e95\u885d\u64ca\u5230\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u754c\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u904b\u884c\u6cd5\u5247\uff0c\u5982\u5f37\u5c07\u9019\u4e9b\u5275\u7528CC\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u898f\u5b9a\u52a0\u8af8\u4ee5\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u4e0a\uff0c\u5247\u5fc5\u7136\u9020\u6210\u91cb\u51fa\u5c08\u6848\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u754c\u7578\u5f62\u96e3\u5b58\u3002\u662f\u4ee5 \u6709\u5fc3\u4ee5\u5275\u7528CC\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u8af8\u822c\u7d44\u5408\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\u5176\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8005\uff0c\u61c9\u6539\u7528\u7406\u5ff5\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u5982\u5275\u7528CC\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u88e1\u7684\u300c\u59d3\u540d\u6a19\u793a\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u6388\u6b0a\u614b\u6a23\uff0c\u53ef\u9078\u7528\u904b\u4f5c \u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd1\u4f3c\u7684BSD\u6216\u662fMIT\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff1b\u800c\u5982\u679c\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8457\u4f5c\u4eba\u60f3\u5229\u7528\u5275\u7528CC\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u88e1\u7684\u300c\u59d3\u540d\u6a19\u793a-\u76f8\u540c\u65b9\u5f0f\u5206\u4eab\u300d\u6b64\u4e00\u6388\u6b0a\u7d44\u5408\uff0c\u5247\u53ef\u6539\u7528\u8457\u4f50\u6b0a\u610f\u6db5\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684 GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u3001\u5275\u7528CC\u7684\u641c\u5c0b\u5f15\u64ce\u4ea6\u65e9\u5df2\u70baGPL\u53caLGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5275\u4f5c\u7368\u7acb\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u6a19\u7ae0\uff0c\u9019\u8868\u793a\uff1a1\u3001\u5275\u7528CC\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u8207GPL\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u614b\u6a23\u76ee\u524d\u4e26 \u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c2\u3001\u900f\u904e\u5275\u7528CC\u641c\u5c0b\u5f15\u64ce\u4ea6\u53ef\u67e5\u627e\u90e8\u4efd\u4ee5GPL<\/a>\u3001LGPL<\/a>\u6388\u6b0a\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\uff1b3\u3001Creative Commons\u7d44\u7e54\u4e26\u4e0d\u5efa\u8b70\u4ed6\u4eba\u5229\u7528\u5275\u7528CC\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\u5176\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4f5c\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n

6. Avoid the “Mozilla Public License” (MPL). This was originally created by Mozilla, but its GPL-incompatibility caused so many problems that they re-licensed their work under a GPL\/LGPL\/MPL triple license. Don’t duplicate their mistake.<\/p>\n

6\u3001\u8acb\u76e1\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u300cMPL(Mozilla Public License)\u300d\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\u60a8\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002MPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e43\u662f\u70ba\u4e86Mozilla\u5c08\u6848\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5316\u300d\u6240\u91cf\u8eab\u8a02\u505a\u3001\u8cbb\u5fc3\u7de8\u64b0\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u6388\u6b0a\u614b\u6a23\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e26\u4e0d\u5b8c \u5168\u76f8\u5bb9\u3002\u56e0\u8457\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7a0b\u5f0f\u96e3\u4ee5\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u56f0\u5883\uff0cMozilla\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u55e3\u5f8c\u53ea\u597d\u6539\u7d43\u6613\u8f4d\u5c07Mozilla\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u4ee5GPL\/LGPL\/MPL\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u6388\u6b0a\u65b9\u5f0f \u300c\u4f75\u884c\u91cb\u51fa\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u3001\u60a8\u9084\u8981\u8ffd\u96a8\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u820a\u8def\u91cd\u8e48\u8986\u8f4d\u55ce?<\/p>\n

7. Avoid the “NASA Open Source Agreement” version 1.3. This is one of those rare cases where the OSI has accepted a license as being an open source software license (per the open source definition), but the FSF has determined that the license is not a Free Software license (per the Free Software definition). The problem is that it requires that changes be your \u201coriginal creation\u201d. FLOSS software development depends on combining code from third parties, so if that is interpreted literally, this agreement would prohibit practically all real work and would certainly be GPL-incompatible. It’s best to avoid this license.<\/p>\n

7\u3001\u8acb\u76e1\u91cf\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u300cNASA\u958b\u653e\u6e90\u78bc\u6388\u6b0a\u5354\u5b9a\u300d1.3\u7248\u7684\u898f\u5b9a\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\u60a8\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002\u300cNASA\u958b\u653e\u6e90\u78bc\u6388\u6b0a\u5354\u5b9a\u300d\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u53e6\u985e\u7684\u516c\u773e\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u56e0 \u958b\u653e\u6e90\u78bc\u4fc3\u9032\u6703\u5c07\u5176\u5217\u70ba\u958b\u653e\u539f\u59cb\u78bc\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u4e00\u54e1(\u4f9d\u5176\u5341\u9805\u958b\u653e\u539f\u59cb\u78bc\u8edf\u9ad4\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u6aa2\u9a57)\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u537b\u4f9d\u53e6\u4e00\u89d2\u5ea6\u62d2\u7d55\u627f\u8a8d\u5176\u8db3\u4ee5\u5217\u5165\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d \u6b3e\u7684\u7bc4\u7587(\u4f9d\u5176\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7684\u56db\u5927\u81ea\u7531\u5b9a\u7fa9\u6aa2\u9a57)\u3002\u5f15\u767c\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5fb5\u7d50\u9ede\u5728\u65bc\uff0c\u300cNASA\u958b\u653e\u6e90\u78bc\u6388\u6b0a\u5354\u5b9a\u300d\u8981\u6c42\u91cb\u51fa\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u5f8c\u7e8c\u4fee\u6539\uff0c\u9808\u70ba\u4fee\u6539\u8005\u89aa\u529b\u89aa\u70ba\u7684 \u300c\u539f\u59cb\u5275\u4f5c\u6dfb\u9644\u884c\u70ba\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u754c\u88e1\u5e38\u898b\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u76f8\u4e92\u6284\u5beb\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u9019\u5c64\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e0b\u88ab\u5c01\u9396\u4e86\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5982\u5c07\u6b64\u4e00\u4fee\u6539\u6a19\u6e96\u9032\u884c\u56b4\u683c\u7684\u6587\u7fa9\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u300cNASA \u958b\u653e\u6e90\u78bc\u6388\u6b0a\u5354\u5b9a\u300d\u6703\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7522\u751f\u4e92\u65a5\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u5728\u73fe\u968e\u6bb5\u3001\u6700\u597d\u662f\u907f\u514d\u4f7f\u7528\u6b64\u985e\u8f03\u5bcc\u722d\u8b70\u6027\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u3002<\/p>\n

Consider GPL incompatibility carefully-\u5982\u60a8\u57f7\u610f\u9078\u7528\u8207GPL\u4e0d\u5177\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u9084\u8acb\u5728\u505a\u51fa\u6700\u5f8c\u6c7a\u5b9a\u524d\u4e09\u601d\u518d\u4e09\u601d<\/span><\/p>\n

There are reasons for an OSS\/FS project to be GPL-incompatible, but weigh any such notions with an extremely critical eye. Sometimes a program or library was originally proprietary, and can only be released as OSS\/FS under GPL-incompatible conditions. If so, the code had better be good and essentially complete when it\u2019s released, because many developers won\u2019t get involved with it. Many OSS\/FS projects are already saddled with a GPL-incompatible license, and it\u2019s just too hard to change. Some include other requirements they believe are critical, such as adding more patent clauses for licenses, defense, or mutual termination (such as the IBM public license).<\/p>\n

\u7576\u7136\u3001\u67d0\u4e9b\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u57f7\u610f\u63a1\u53d6\u8207GPL\u5169\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u80cc\u5f8c\u5fc5\u7136\u6709\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u7684\u5408\u7406\u8003\u91cf\uff0c\u4f46\u9451\u65bcGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u5e02\u4f54\u7387\u5be6\u5728\u592a\u9ad8\uff0c\u591a\u6578\u81ea\u7531\u8edf \u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7de8\u5beb\u8005\u5c0d\u65bcGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u504f\u597d\u6027\u5be6\u5728\u592a\u5f37\uff0c\u7576\u60a8\u6b63\u8655\u65bc\u70ba\u91cb\u51fa\u7a0b\u5f0f\u9078\u7528\u5408\u9069\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u9078\u64c7\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u8acb\u52d9\u5fc5\u5c07GPL\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u52a0\u5165\u8003\u616e\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u6709\u6642\u5019\u3001\u7a0b\u5f0f \u6216\u51fd\u5f0f\u5eab\u672c\u8eab\u672c\u4f86\u5c31\u662f\u4ee5\u79c1\u6709\u8edf\u9ad4\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u578b\u614b\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u53ef\u80fd\u5c07\u5176\u6539\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u614b\u6a23\u6642\uff0c\u4e26\u7121\u6cd5\u4e00\u8e74\u53ef\u53ca\u7684\u9078\u7528\u8207GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u771f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3001\u90a3\u9ebc \u6b64\u4e00\u4ee5GPL\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u689d\u6b3e\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\uff0c\u5176\u65bc\u91cb\u51fa\u6642\u5c31\u5fc5\u7136\u5f97\u5728\u7d20\u8cea\u53ca\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u4e0a\u8da8\u65bc\u5b8c\u5584\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u82e5\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u3001\u5c31\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u751f\u614b\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u5176\u5c31\u7121\u6cd5\u5438\u5f15\u5927\u591a\u7db2\u8def \u793e\u7fa4\u5171\u5de5\u7de8\u5beb\u6b64\u4e00\u8edf\u9ad4\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u52d5\u6a5f\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u3001\u67d0\u4e9b\u6b77\u5e74\u5df2\u4e45\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\uff0c\u5df2\u4ee5\u8207GPL\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u91cb\u51fa\u5df2\u4e45\uff0c\u82e5\u5192\u5192\u7136\u66f4\u52d5\u5176\u6388\u6b0a\u614b\u6a23\u53ef\u80fd\u56f0\u963b\u91cd\u91cd\u3002\u518d \u8005\u3001\u6709\u6642\u5019\u7a0b\u5f0f\u91cb\u51fa\u8005\u9078\u7528\u8207GPL\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u662f\u770b\u91cd\u6b64\u985e\u689d\u6b3e\u8a2d\u8a08\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u7684\u7368\u5230\u4e4b\u5999\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5c08\u5229\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u3001\u5c0d\u91cb\u51fa\u8005\u7684\u7279\u5225\u4fdd\u8b77\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u5951\u7d04\u55e3\u5f8c\u7d42 \u6b62\u7684\u96d9\u65b9\u689d\u6b3e\u7b49\u8a2d\u8a08(\u4f8b\u5982IBM\u516c\u773e\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5373\u70ba\u660e\u4f8b)\u3002<\/p>\n

But remember that these supposed benefits may not outweigh their many disadvantages. Note all the projects listed above that switched from a GPL-incompatible license to a GPL-compatible one. An example of the problems – in fact, one of the more important ones – is that the OpenSSL license is widely viewed as being GPL-incompatible<\/a> (including by FSF lawyers, GNOME, and Debian, based on detailed independent analysis). While the OpenSSL developers claim it\u2019s GPL-compatible<\/a> and \u201csupport\u201d the use of OpenSSL by GPL\u2019ed software, the legal minefields are such that OpenSSL often has to worked around, or abandoned by switching to a different program (as CUPS did)<\/a>. The usual alternatives for OpenSSL are Mozilla Network Security Services (NSS)<\/a> and GNU Transport Layer Security (GNU TLS)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u8acb\u6ce8\u610f\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3001\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9019\u4e9b\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u7368\u5230\u4e4b\u5999\u8207GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684 \u597d\u8655\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u4e0d\u5229\u5927\u65bc\u6709\u5229\u7684\u3002\u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u5230\u6b64\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u524d\u982d\uff0c\u5c07\u90e8\u4efd\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u614b\u6a23\u8f49\u79fb\u6848\u4f8b\u91cd\u65b0\u95b1\u8b80\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u82e5\u975e\u9019\u4e9b\u8457\u540d\u5c08\u6848\u7684GPL\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u5df2 \u70ba\u5176\u6c38\u7e8c\u767c\u5c55\u5e36\u4f86\u56f0\u64fe\uff0c\u90a3\u53c8\u4f55\u5fc5\u5927\u8cbb\u5468\u7ae0\u8f49\u79fb\u5176\u6388\u6b0a\u614b\u6a23\u4f86\u5411GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u9760\u650f?\u800c\u82e5\u662f\u8981\u91dd\u5c0dGPL\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u4e0d\u5229\u4e4b\u8655\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0cOpenSSL\u9019\u500b \u5c08\u6848\u5373\u70ba\u986f\u8457\u660e\u4f8b\uff0cOpenSSL\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684OpenSSL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5411\u4f86\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u8207GPL\u689d\u6b3e\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9<\/a>(\u6301\u6b64\u89c0\u9ede\u8005\u5305\u62ec\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u7684\u5f8b\u5e2b\u7fa4\u5011\u3001GNOME\u8a08 \u756b\uff0c\u53caDebian\u7b49\u7db2\u8def\u793e\u7fa4)\uff0c\u7136\u800cOpenSSL\u5c08\u6848\u7684\u958b\u767c\u8005\u537b\u8072\u7a31\u5176\u8207GPL\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5f97\u4ee5\u76f8\u5bb9<\/a>\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8a8d\u70baOpenSSL\u7a0b\u5f0f\u80fd\u8207\u5176\u4ed6GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u8edf \u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u7d50\u5408\u904b\u7528\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u8072\u660e\u9020\u6210\u67d0\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6388\u6b0a\u5730\u96f7\uff0c\u7576\u7a0b\u5f0f\u958b\u767c\u8005\u7d42\u65bc\u4e86\u89e3\u5230OpenSSL\u7a0b\u5f0f\u8207GPL\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u6642\uff0c\u5176\u53ea\u597d\u60f3\u8fa6\u6cd5\u5c07\u6574\u500b\u7a0b \u5f0f\u4e2d\u6709\u95dcOpenSSL\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u4ee3\u63db\u6389(CUPS\u9019\u500b\u5c08\u6848\u5c31\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u4e86)<\/a>\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u4f86\u8aaa\u3001\u7a0b\u5f0f\u958b\u767c\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u9078\u64c7\u7528Mozilla \u7684\u7db2\u8def\u5b89\u5168\u670d\u52d9\u7a0b\u5f0f(NSS)<\/a>\uff0c\u6216\u662fGNU\u8a08\u756b\u4e0b\u7684\u50b3\u8f38\u5c64\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u7a0b\u5f0f(GNU TLS)<\/a> \u4f86\u53d6\u4ee3OpenSSL\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u4f8b\u53ef\u77e5\u3001\u82e5\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u5805\u5b88\u5176\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u53c8\u672a\u80fd\u638c\u63e1\u5bb0\u5236\u5e02\u5834\u591a\u6578\u4f54\u6709\u7387\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u6642\uff0c\u5176\u6c38 \u7e8c\u71df\u904b\u4e0a\u7684\u6700\u5927\u7684\u98a8\u96aa\u5c31\u662f\u70baGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u6240\u907f\u7528\uff0c\u6216\u751a\u81f3\u3001\u88ab\u5176\u5f8c\u7de8\u5beb\u7684\u5f8c\u8d77\u4e4b\u79c0\u7d66\u53d6\u4ee3\u6389\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u88e1\uff0c\u767c\u751f\u6388\u6b0a\u76f8\u5bb9\u56f0\u5883\u800c\u91cd\u8d77\u7210\u7076\u91cd\u65b0 \u7de8\u5beb\u7684\u6848\u5b50\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u591a\u5982\u725b\u6bdb\u3001\u4e0d\u4e4f\u5176\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n

License proliferation considered harmful-\u4e0d\u8981\u518d\u81ea\u884c\u5275\u9020\u7368\u9580\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u904e\u591a\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u9078\u64c7\u7684\u9580\u6abb\u4e26\u9020\u6210\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u4e92\u76f8\u53d6\u7528\u56f0\u96e3<\/span><\/p>\n

Indeed, the proliferation of OSS\/FS licenses in general has been identified by many as a problem to be resolved<\/a>. It was an issue noted in Fink\u2019s LinuxWorld 2005 address<\/a>, and others supported this view such as Groklaw<\/a>. This is not a new observation; Bruce Perens noted back in 1999<\/a>, \u201cDo not write a new license if it is possible to use one of the ones listed here. The propagation of many different and incompatible licenses works to the detriment of Open Source software because fragments of one program cannot be used in another program with an incompatible license.\u201d Eric S. Raymond\u2019s Software Release Practice HOWTO<\/a> strongly states (as a heading!) \u201cdon\u2019t write your own license if you can possibly avoid it,\u201d and he suggests that developers use \u201cone of the standard licenses carried on the OSI site if at all possible.\u201d The Open Source Initiative’s License Proliferation Committee Report<\/a> recommended addressing this by categorizing licenses; unsurprisingly the category “Licenses that are popular and widely used or with strong communities” included the MIT\/X, BSD-new, LGPL, and GPL licenses. If you doubt that license proliferation can be a problem, just look at Fedora’s Licensing Guidelines<\/a> and Fedora’s Licensing page<\/a> – they are setting up complex licensing documentation that can be electronically recorded and analyzed, just to assure license compliance.
\n\u8aaa\u771f\u7684\u3001\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a \u689d\u6b3e\u904e\u591a\u4e14\u8b93\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u96e3\u4ee5\u7c21\u4fbf\u9078\u64c7\u300d\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u4f86\u5c31\u662f\u500b\u6975\u9700\u88ab\u89e3\u6c7a\u7684\u5927\u554f\u984c<\/a>\uff0cHP\u7684\u526f\u7e3d\u88c1Martin Fink\u65bc2005\u5e74\u5373\u5c07\u6b64\u8996\u70ba\u300c\u554f\u984c\u300d\u4f86\u52a0\u4ee5\u63cf\u8ff0<\/a>\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u8a31\u591a\u5f15\u9818\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u5148\u884c\u8005\u4e5f\u6301\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5982\u8457\u540d\u7684Groklaw\u7db2\u7ad9\u4e0a\u7684\u8a55\u8ad6\u89c0\u9ede\u4ea6\u540c<\/a>\u3002\u5176 \u5be6\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u554f\u984c\u4e26\u975e\u8fd1\u5e74\u624d\u88ab\u89c0\u5bdf\u5230\u7684\u65b0\u805e\uff0cBruce Perens\u65e9\u57281999\u5e74\u5c31\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u767c\u8868\u5176\u500b\u4eba\u89c0\u9ede<\/a>\uff1a\u300c\u8acb\u76e1\u91cf\u9078\u7528\u73fe\u5b58\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u96a8\u610f\u5275\u751f\u66f4\u591a\u65b0\u5f0f\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u9020\u6210\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u4e4b\u9593\u5206\u4eab\u7684\u56f0\u96e3\uff0c\u904e\u591a \u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5176\u5be6\u5c0d\u65bc\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7684\u672a\u4f86\u767c\u5c55\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u963b\u7919\uff0c\u64fa\u5728\u9762\u524d\u6700\u5927\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5c31\u662f\u3001\u5982\u679c\u9019\u4e9b\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e92\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u8207\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u4e4b\u9593\u662f\u96e3\u4ee5\u88ab\u4e92\u76f8\u53d6\u7528\u7684\u3002\u300d Eric S. Raymond\u9019\u4f4d\u9f13\u5439\u4ee5\u958b\u653e\u539f\u59cb\u78bc\u505a\u70ba\u65b0\u5f0f\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7de8\u5beb\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u5148\u884c\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u65bc\u300c\u5982\u4f55\u958b\u767c\u53ca\u6563\u5e03\u958b\u653e\u539f\u59cb\u78bc\u8edf\u9ad4\u7c21\u6613\u5b88\u5247\u300d\u4e00\u6587<\/a>\u4e2d\u5f37\u70c8\u5efa\u8b70(\u76f4\u63a5\u660e\u793a\u65bc\u6a19\u984c\u88e1)\u958b \u767c\u8005\uff1a\u300c\u82e5\u975e\u6c92\u6709\u5225\u7684\u9078\u64c7\uff0c\u8acb\u4e0d\u8981\u64b0\u5beb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u300d\uff0c\u4e26\u65bc\u6587\u4e2d\u52f8\u8a98\u7a0b\u5f0f\u958b\u767c\u8005\uff1a\u300c\u512a\u5148\u9078\u7528\u958b\u653e\u6e90\u78bc\u4fc3\u9032\u6703\u8a8d\u53ef\u4e26\u7531\u67d0\u4e00\u5718\u9ad4\u5e38\u614b\u71df\u904b\u7dad\u6301\u7684\u6388\u6b0a \u689d\u6b3e\u300d\u3002\u800c\u958b\u653e\u6e90\u78bc\u4fc3\u9032\u6703\u5c0d\u6b64\u4e8b\u7684\u56de\u61c9<\/a>\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u900f\u904e\u6df1\u5316\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5206\u985e\u9805\u76ee\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u4f86\u8655\u7406\uff1b\u610f\u6599\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u3001\u300c\u5177\u666e\u904d\u4f7f\u7528\u6027\u6216\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u793e\u7fa4\u6240\u9078\u7528\u300d\u9019\u500b\u985e\u5225\u88e1\u4fbf \u6db5\u62ec\u6709MIT\u3001\u4e09\u6b3eBSD\u3001LGPL\u8207GPL\u9019\u4e9b\u5177\u6709GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u4ea6\u53ef\u898bGPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e4b\u4e00\u822c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5230\u4e86\u9019\u6642\u5019\u60a8\u5c0d\u65bc\u5275\u5efa\u65b0\u5f0f\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e \u5c0d\u65bc\u7a0b\u5f0f\u884d\u751f\u7684\u9ebb\u7169\u6027\u9084\u5b58\u6709\u61f7\u7591\uff0c\u7169\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1Fedora Linux\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u6307\u5f15\u66f8<\/a>\u53caFedora Linux\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u8072\u660e\u7db2\u9801<\/a>\u5373\u53ef\u7aba\u5176\u4e00\u4e8c-\u7c21\u55ae\u4f86\u8aaa\u3001\u9019\u5169\u4efd\u6388\u6b0a\u8072\u660e\u5217\u793a\u4e86Fedora Linux\u88e1\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u5404\u5f0f\u6388\u6b0a\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u9019\u4e9b\u8cc7\u6599\u80fd\u5920\u88ab\u96fb\u5b50\u5316\u7684\u8a18\u9304\u53ca\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u65b9\u53ef\u78ba\u8a8d\u6574\u500b\u5927\u5c08\u6848\u7dad\u6301\u5176\u6388\u6b0a\u76f8\u5bb9\u4e0a\u7684\u59a5\u9069\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u8655\u7406 \u975e\u70ba\u5c0f\u9053\uff0c\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u8017\u8cbb\u6389\u5c08\u6848\u71df\u904b\u8005\u8afe\u5927\u7684\u6642\u9593\u6210\u672c\u8207\u5fc3\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u5c31\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u7684\u9577\u9060\u767c\u5c55\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5fc5\u9808\u671d\u7c21\u5316\u65b9\u5411\u52aa\u529b\u8655\u7406\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n

Other things to consider-\u5176\u5b83\u60a8\u9700\u8981\u7d30\u52a0\u601d\u91cf\u4e86\u89e3\u7684\u5169\u4e09\u4e8b<\/span><\/p>\n

While it\u2019s possible to relicense OSS\/FS software to make it GPL-compatible, it can be quite difficult — you\u2019re much better off avoiding a mistake, and starting off GPL-compatible in the first place. Changing licenses usually requires approval of the relicensing from every copyright holder and a rewrite of the code where the approval wasn\u2019t granted. When OSS\/FS projects get large this is incredibly difficult, because after many years it\u2019s often impossible to contact all of the contributors. Thankfully, many projects don\u2019t have to endure this transformation, because they\u2019ve avoided it to start with. The W3C, for example, explicitly states that all its software releases are OSS\/FS and are compatible with the GPL<\/a>. This statement shows that they believe GPL compatibility is very important, and this policy eliminates the problems that would come from GPL incompatibility.
\n\u96d6\u7136\u5c31\u6cd5\u7406\u4e0a\u4f86\u8aaa\u3001\u7a0b\u5f0f\u91cb\u51fa\u5f8c\u65b9\u624d\u767c\u73fe \u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e0d\u5408\u7528\uff0c\u55e3\u5f8c\u9084\u662f\u6709\u4ee5\u5176\u4ed6\u689d\u6b3e\u91cd\u884c\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u662f\u5c31\u7406\u8ad6\u9762\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5728\u73fe\u5be6\u4e16\u754c\u88e1\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u91cb\u51fa\u5f8c\u6b32\u66f4\u63db\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u56f0\u96e3\u91cd\u91cd\uff0c\u5176\u5177\u9ad4\u5be6\u8e10\u7684 \u56f0\u96e3\u5ea6\u975e\u5e38\u4e4b\u9ad8\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u6700\u8070\u660e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u7a0b\u5f0f\u521d\u59cb\u91cb\u51fa\u6642\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u9078\u64c7\u5931\u8aa4\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u5c31\u8a72\u628aGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u8a73\u52a0\u8003\u616e\u597d\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u8aaa\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u91cd\u884c\u6388\u6b0a\u56f0\u96e3\u91cd \u91cd\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u91cd\u884c\u6388\u6b0a\u6642\u9700\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u95dc\u8457\u4f5c\u6b0a\u4eba\u7684\u660e\u793a\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u9019\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u7a0b\u5f0f\u6563\u5e03\u5f8c\u5c0d\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u6709\u6240\u6dfb\u9644\u7684\u8ca2\u737b\u8005\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u5982\u5df2\u6563\u5e03\u8a31\u4e45\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5176\u8ca2 \u737b\u8005\u7e41\u591a\u4e14\u90e8\u4efd\u8b58\u5225\u8cc7\u6599\u5df2\u6b8a\u4e0d\u53ef\u8003\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u5728\u610f\u601d\u9023\u7e6b\u4e0a\u8cbb\u6642\u8cbb\u529b\u800c\u9020\u6210\u91cd\u884c\u6388\u6b0a\u975e\u5e38\u56f0\u96e3\u3002\u4f46\u5e78\u904b\u7684\u662f\u3001\u8a31\u591a\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u7684\u71df\u904b\u8005\u5df2\u77e5\u6089\u4e86\u6b64\u985e\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5c08\u6848 \u91cb\u51fa\u521d\u59cb\u5373\u5df2\u6d1e\u71ed\u6a5f\u5148\uff0c\u9810\u7559\u4e86\u5c08\u6848\u672a\u4f86\u767c\u5c55\u4e0a\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u8209W3C(World Wide Web Consortium)\u70ba\u4f8b\u3001\u5176\u5373\u4ee5\u7db2\u9801\u8072\u660e\u8868\u793a\u6240\u6709W3C\u6563\u5e03\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u7686\u70ba\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\uff0c\u5176\u4e26\u53ef\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7684\u7a0b\u5f0f\u5b8c\u6574\u76f8\u5bb9<\/a>\u3002\u6b64\u6bb5\u8072\u660e\u8db3\u8cc7\u8868\u5f70W3C\u8a8d\u53ef\u8edf\u9ad4 \u7a0b\u5f0f\u5177\u6709GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u7279\u6027\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u6b64\u985e\u8072\u660e\u5176\u66f4\u8db3\u4ee5\u6d88\u5f2d\u6389\u8a31\u591aGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u61f7\u7591\u6240\u53ef\u80fd\u62d6\u7d2f\u5c08\u6848\u71df\u904b\u7684\u8af8\u5982\u5f0a\u75c5\u3002<\/p>\n

It’s worth noting that the GPL has a very strong legal basis, which is attractive to many people. The GPL is easy to comply with (it doesn’t even require money to do so), but people do take its requirements seriously. Eben Moglen is a lawyer who’s been enforcing the GPL for years<\/a>, and has excellent evidence that the GPL really is enforceable. He also explain’s the GPL’s legal basis, which turns out to be very strong. Paralegal Pamela Jones has written another explanation of the GPL’s legal basis for laymen<\/a>; as both note, the GPL is a license, not a contract, which makes it unusually easy to enforce. “Taking the Case: Is the GPL Enforceable?” by Jason B. Wacha (General Counsel, MontaVista Software)<\/a> is a detailed legal analysis by a lawyer showing that “the GPL is an enforceable agreement.” A German court has found that the GPL is legally enforceable<\/a>, for the very reasons Moglen and Jones stated. This was in response to some enforcement actions by netfilter<\/a>. In 2006, a U.S. court found that the GPL was quite legitimate; Daniel Wallace tried to invalidate the GPL in Daniel Wallace vs. Free Software Foundation<\/a>, and not only was Wallace’s suit dismissed, but Wallace was ordered to pay costs as well. In this case, the judge (John Daniel Tinder, United States District Court) also declared that “[T]he GPL encourages, rather than discourages, free competition and the distribution of computer operating systems, the benefits of which directly pass to consumers. These benefits include lower prices, better access and more innovation.” This was appealed, and the U.S. Court of Appeals (7th circuit) formally ruled in 2006 that the GPL does not violate U.S. antitrust rules, and that “the GPL and open-source software have nothing to fear from the antitrust laws”<\/a> – creating an even stronger defense against future cases. The proven legal strength of the GPL is attractive to many people who must choose a license for their open source software. But this strength comes from taking its requirements seriously – which means that people must take incompatibility seriously too.<\/p>\n

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Jason B. Wacha(MontaVista\u8edf\u9ad4\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u8aee\u8a62\u54e1)\u66fe\u5c31\u9019\u500b\u8b70\u984c\u64b0\u5beb\u300cGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e4b\u57f7\u884c\u62d8\u675f\u529b-\u5f9e\u6848\u4f8b\u4e8b\u5be6\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u300d\u4e00\u6587\u8a0e\u8ad6\u4e4b<\/a>\uff0c\u5176\u7d50\u8ad6\u5c31 \u662f\u4f9d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0cGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u4ecd\u662f\u5177\u6709\u5f37\u5236\u57f7\u884c\u6548\u529b\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u5354\u5b9a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u3001\u5fb7\u570b\u6155\u5c3c\u9ed1\u5730\u65b9\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u8655\u5206\u4ea6\u8db3\u8cc7\u8868\u5f70GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u78ba\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u53ef \u57f7\u884c\u6027<\/a>\uff0c\u5176\u64da\u4ee5\u767c\u7d66\u5047\u57f7\u884c\u8655\u4efd\u7684\u8ad6\u7406\u7406\u7531\u540c\u65bc\u4e0a\u8ff0Eben Moglen\u53caPamela Jones\u6240\u66fe\u767c\u8868\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6848\u5b50\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7531Netfilter\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u6b0a\u4eba\u900f\u904e\u53f8\u6cd5\u624b\u6bb5\u7dad\u8b77\u5176GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u6240\u767c\u8d77\u7684\u8209\u63aa<\/a>\u3002\u800c\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u30012006\u5e74\u4ea6 \u6709\u53f8\u6cd5\u5224\u6c7a\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8868\u5f70\u4e86GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\uff1bDaniel Wallace\u8a66\u5716\u900f\u904e\u53f8\u6cd5\u8a34\u8a1f\u4f86\u8209\u8a3cGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u9055\u53cd\u7f8e\u570b\u7684\u53cd\u6258\u62c9\u65af\u6cd5\u6848\u800c\u300c\u7121\u6548\u300d\uff0c\u5176\u9593\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\u8faf\u8ad6\u6b77\u7a0b\u53ef\u67e5\u627eDaniel Wallace vs. Free Software Foundation<\/a>\u9019\u500b\u53f8\u6cd5\u5224\u6c7a\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u800c\u5224\u6c7a\u7684\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u7d50\u679c\u3001Daniel Wallace\u6557\u8a34\uff0c\u5176\u8a34\u6c42\u4e0d\u70ba\u627f\u5be9\u7684\u7f8e\u570b\u5730\u65b9\u6cd5\u9662\u6240\u80af\u8a8d\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e26\u4e14\u88c1\u5b9aDaniel Wallace\u9808\u8ca0\u64d4\u8a34\u8a1f\u904e\u7a0b\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8a34\u8a1f\u8cbb\u7528\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u4e00\u53f8\u6cd5\u5224\u6c7a\u88e1\uff0c\u627f\u5be9\u6cd5\u5b98(John Daniel Tinder)\u751a\u81f3\u65bc\u5224\u6c7a\u7406\u7531\u4e2d\u63ed\u793a\uff1a\u300cGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e26\u672a\u9650\u5236\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u7684\u958b\u653e\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u3001\u5176\u751a\u81f3\u63a8\u52d5\u96fb\u8166\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4f5c\u696d\u7cfb\u7d71\u9032\u884c\u66f4\u516c\u958b\u5316\u3001\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u7387\u7684\u516c\u958b\u7af6 \u722d\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u6240\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u76ca\u8655\u53ef\u8aaa\u76f4\u63a5\u6b78\u65bc\u5ee3\u571f\u773e\u6c11\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6d88\u8cbb\u8005\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u76ca\u8655\u5305\u62ec\u964d\u4f4e\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u672c\u3001\u964d\u4f4e\u516c\u773e\u5c0d\u65bc\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u53d6\u5f97\u9580\u6abb\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u65bc\u8edf\u9ad4\u958b\u767c\u4e0a\u6fc0\u767c\u66f4\u591a \u7684\u5275\u610f\u7522\u51fa\u3002\u300d\u800c\u5f8cDaniel Wallace\u4e0d\u670d\u4e0a\u8a34\u3001\u7f8e\u570b\u806f\u90a6\u7b2c7\u5de1\u8ff4\u4e0a\u8a34\u6cd5\u9662(\u5ea7\u843d\u65bc\u4f0a\u5229\u8afe\u5dde\u3001\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u5e02)\u65bc2006\u5e74\u505a\u51fa\u6b63\u5f0f\u5224\u6c7a\uff0c\u4e0a\u8a34\u6cd5\u9662\u8a8d\u70baGPL\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u985e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d \u6b3e\u4e26\u975e\u7f8e\u570b\u6258\u62c9\u65af\u76f8\u95dc\u6cd5\u6848\u6240\u6db5\u651d\u7684\u6392\u62d2\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e26\u672a\u56e0\u9055\u53cd\u7f8e\u570b\u53cd\u6258\u62c9\u65af\u6cd5\u6848\u800c\u7121\u6548<\/a>-\u6b64\u4e00\u5224\u6c7a\u8f03\u4e4b\u524d\u4f8b\u66f4\u5177\u5224\u6c7a\u5148\u4f8b\u6027\uff0c\u81ea\u6b64\u5728\u7f8e\u570bGPL\u6388 \u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u6709\u6548\u6027\u5df2\u7136\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\u3002\u900f\u904e\u9019\u4e9b\u53f8\u6cd5\u5224\u6c7a\u70baGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u80cc\u66f8\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5c0d\u65bc\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7de8\u5beb\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0cGPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u8b8a\u5f97\u5f88\u6709\u5438\u5f15 \u529b\u3002\u4f46\u9808\u8981\u4e8b\u524d\u8ff0\u660e\u7684\u662f\u3001\u96d6\u7136\u9078\u7528GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u975e\u5e38\u7c21\u4fbf\uff0c\u4f46GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u70ba\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u5e36\u4f86\u6b0a\u5229\u6642\uff0c\u5176\u540c\u6642\u8981\u6c42\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u4ea6\u9808\u670d\u81ba\u65bc\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u9810\u8a2d\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u6027 \u8981\u6c42\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u8209\u4f8b\u4f86\u8aaa\u524d\u5df2\u63d0\u53ca\u7684\u300c\u6388\u6b0a\u652b\u53d6\u6027\u300d\u5373\u70ba\u6700\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u7fa9\u52d9\u6027\u8981\u6c42\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u53d6\u7528GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u8005\u3001\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u9ad4\u8a8d\u5230\u53d6\u7528\u8005\u6b0a\u5229\u7fa9\u52d9\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5c0d\u7a31\u6027\uff0c \u610f\u5373\u3001\u89e3\u6c7a\u672c\u8eab\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u614b\u6a23\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u614b\u6a23\u7684\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u4e4b\u8655\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u4fbf\u53ef\u80fd\u9020\u6210GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u9055\u72af\u800c\u88ab\u63a7\u4fb5\u6b0a\u3002<\/p>\n

Making your OSS\/FS software GPL-compatible-\u4e09\u7a2e\u7c21\u4fbf\u78ba\u8a8d\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u5177\u6709GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/span><\/p>\n

So, how do you make sure that your software is GPL-compatible? Fortunately, there are three easy ways to do this:<\/p>\n

\u6240\u4ee5\u3001\u7c21\u55ae\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u60a8\u61c9\u8a72\u5982\u4f55\u78ba\u8a8d\u60a8\u6240\u6b32\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u662f\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u5462?\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e09\u7a2e\u7c21\u6613\u7684\u6aa2\u6e2c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f9b\u60a8\u5229\u7528\uff1a<\/p>\n

1. One way, of course, is to use the GPL<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u7a2e\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae\u3001\u76f4\u63a5\u63a1\u7528GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e<\/a>\u4f86\u91cb\u51fa\u60a8\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n

2. Another is to use a different license that is known to be GPL-compatible, in particular the LGPL<\/a>, MIT\/X<\/a>, or BSD-new<\/a> (modified BSD) licenses. Obviously there are several licenses you can choose while remaining GPL-compatible. The FSF maintains a list of licenses it has determined to be GPL-compatible<\/a>. Don\u2019t use the old\/original BSD license, which is generally accepted as being GPL-incompatible and has many practical problems<\/a>; even Berkeley has switched to the new BSD license for their software<\/a>. You might also consider using the Apache 2.0, but note that while it is compatible with GPL version 3, the developers of the GPL are confident that it is not compatible with GPL version 2.<\/p>\n

2\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7a2e\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u5c31\u662f\u9078\u7528\u8457\u540d\u4e14\u5df2\u88ab\u5ee3\u70ba\u8a8d\u8a3c\u5177\u6709GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u50cf\u662fLGPL<\/a>\u3001MIT\/X<\/a>\u3001\u6216\u662fBSD-new<\/a> (\u4e09\u6b3e\u7684BSD)\u7b49\u5373\u7b26\u5408\u4e0a\u8ff0\u689d\u4ef6\u3002\u986f\u800c\u6613\u898b\u7684\u3001\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u88e1\u9019\u985e\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e4f\u5176\u4f8b\uff0c\u60a8\u80fd\u5920\u9078\u64c7\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u70ba\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u9810\u5148\u4fdd\u6709\u55e3 \u5f8c\u8207GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7a0b\u5f0f\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u5176\u4e0a\u660e\u793a\u54ea\u4e9b\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u662f\u80fd\u5920\u8207GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8acb\u8a18\u5f97\u4e0d\u8981\u63a1\u7528\u820a\u7248\u7684 BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u56e0\u5b83\u5df2\u7136\u88ab\u8a55\u8b70\u70ba\u8207GPL\u6b86\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u7a0b\u5f0f\u6563\u5e03\u5f8c\u4ea6\u6703\u7522\u751f\u8a31\u591a\u96e3\u4ee5\u8655\u7406\u7684\u884d\u751f\u554f\u984c<\/a>\uff1b\u7562\u7adf\u9023BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u5275\u59cb\u8005\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b78\u67cf\u514b\u840a\u5206\u6821\uff0c \u90fd\u5df2\u7d93\u5c07\u5176\u4e0b\u773e\u591a\u8edf\u9ad4\u8f49\u800c\u6539\u7528\u65b0\u7248\u7684BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e(\u4e09\u6b3eBSD)<\/a>\uff0c\u6b64\u5373\u70ba\u4e00\u5177\u6709\u6307\u6a19\u610f\u7fa9\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6848\u4f8b\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u9700\u7279\u5225\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662fApache2.0\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c \u8acb\u8a18\u5f97\u6b64\u4e00\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u96d6\u8207\u6700\u65b0\u7248\u672c\u7684GPL3.0\u76f8\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u8207\u73fe\u4f54\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7b2c\u4e00\u9ad8\u7684GPL2.0\u4ecd\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n

If you\u2019re considering the BSD-new license, Bruce Perens<\/a>, the FSF<\/a>, and I recommend using the MIT\/X license instead (the FSF calls this the X11 license). There are several reasons to prefer the MIT\/X license over BSD-new. First, MIT\/X is much simpler, a good thing in a license. Second, a few non-lawyers have claimed that BSD-new isn\u2019t GPL-compatible; I don\u2019t think this is a real issue, but is instead a misunderstanding of the law, since expert lawyers on the topic from both Red Hat and the Free Software Foundation have refuted this claim. Finally, there isn\u2019t the confusion of having two different common licenses with the same name.<\/p>\n

\u5018 \u82e5\u60a8\u6709\u610f\u9078\u7528\u65b0\u7248\u7684BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e(\u4e09\u6b3e\u7684BSD)\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebcBruce Perens<\/a>\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703<\/a>\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u655d\u4eba\u6211\uff0c\u90fd\u50be\u5411\u5efa\u8b70\u60a8\u76f4\u63a5\u9078\u7528MIT\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u5c31\u884c\u4e86(\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u7a31\u5176\u70baX11\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e)\u3002\u7576\u7136\u3001\u9019\u95dc\u6d89\u5230\u5e7e\u500b\u7c21\u55ae \u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u9ede\u3001MIT\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u6bd4\u8d77\u65b0\u7248BSD\u7684\u689d\u6b3e\u5167\u5bb9\u66f4\u70ba\u7c21\u6f54\uff0c\u7b26\u5408\u7576\u4ee3\u300c\u6975\u7c21\u5373\u512a\u300d\u7684\u64b0\u6587\u54f2\u5b78\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9ede\u3001\u82e5\u5e72\u7684\u7db2\u8def\u793e\u7fa4\u670b\u53cb\u66fe\u7d93\u516c\u958b\u767c\u8868\u904e\u65b0\u7248 BSD\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u8207GPL\u4e26\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u96d6\u8aaa\u9019\u985e\u7684\u8a00\u8ad6\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u57fa\u65bc\u8aa4\u89e3\u800c\u7522\u751f\u7684\u6a5f\u7387\u8f03\u5927\uff0cRed Hat\u516c\u53f8\u53ca\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u57fa\u91d1\u6703\u65d7\u4e0b\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f9e\u4e8b\u4eba\u54e1\u4ea6\u90fd\u66fe\u516c\u958b\u99c1\u65a5\u904e\u9019\u985e\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u722d\u8b70\u9ede\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\u3001\u65b0\u7248\u7684BSD\u53ca\u820a\u7248\u672cBSD\u7684\u689d\u6b3e \u7a31\u8b02\u4e00\u6982\u90fd\u9084\u662fBSD\uff0c\u67d0\u500b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u63c0\u9078\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u6642\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u8b93\u4eba\u6df7\u6dc6\u51fa\u932f\u7684\u7d1b\u722d\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u59cb\u5373\u6311\u9078MIT\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u4f86\u53d6\u4ee3\u65b0\u7248\u7684BSD\u689d\u6b3e(\u4e8c \u500b\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u5be6\u8cea\u5167\u5bb9\u89e3\u91cb\u8d77\u4f86\u5e7e\u7121\u4e8c\u81f4)\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u81f3\u65bc\u6703\u6709\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6df7\u6dc6\u6216\u662f\u8aa4\u89e3\u7684\u554f\u984c\u7522\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n

You can use another pre-existing license known to be GPL-compatible, though using an unusual license risks causing developers to not support your project (some developers won\u2019t want the risk and trouble of working under an unfamiliar and unusual license). My FLOSS License Slide<\/a> shows how several common licenses are compatible (or not).<\/p>\n

\u7576\u7136\u3001\u60a8\u4ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u9078\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u6b3e\u73fe\u5b58\u4e26\u7d93\u904e\u8a55\u9451 \u70ba\u5177\u6709GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u4f46\u9808\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\u3001\u9078\u7528\u904e\u65bc\u51b7\u9580\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u53ef\u80fd\u5c0e\u81f4\u4ed6\u4eba\u53c3\u8207\u6b64\u4e00\u5c08\u6848\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u964d\u4f4e(\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u958b\u767c\u8005\u4e26\u4e0d\u60f3\u8017\u8cbb \u6642\u9593\u53bb\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u6240\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u7684\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u3001\u4fbf\u6703\u6709\u907f\u514d\u53c3\u52a0\u6b64\u985e\u5c08\u6848\u7684\u50be\u5411)\u3002\u66f4\u591a\u8cc7\u8a0a\u8acb\u53c3\u95b1\u62d9\u8457\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u6388\u6b0a\u76f8\u5bb9\u985e\u8868<\/a>\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8868\u5217\u6709\u5e7e\u7a2e\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u8f03\u9ad8\u6388\u6b0a\u689d\u6b3e\u7684\u76f8 \u5bb9\u72c0\u614b(\u6216\u662f\u4e0d\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u72c0\u614b)\u3002<\/p>\n

3. A third alternative is to dual license (or even triple license) the program. That is, release it under more than one license simultaneously, one of which is GPL-compatible (such as the GPL or LGPL), and let the user pick which license they\u2019ll use. Widely-used projects such as Perl, Mozilla, and Qt do this. (the Mozilla project even uses a triple license (MPL\/GPL\/LGPL)<\/a>). The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) FAQ<\/a> notes that “The GPL is particularly common in dual licenses because it allows the code to link with the large body of GPLed code available including many important libraries, and to be incorporated into other GPLed works… This is almost always due to a project starting with a home-brewed GPL-incompatible license, then realizing they’d made a mistake and finding relicensing in this fashion to be the most convenient resolution.” One problem with dual licensing is that you can only incorporate code from elsewhere that is compatible with all of the licenses. Thus, dual licensing can make it impossible to legally use some potentially useful code for as long as you maintain the multiple licenses. It’s one of the more reasonable ways to fix a mistake, but it’s better to avoid mistakes in the first place… especially when there’s clear evidence that using a GPL-incompatible license is a mistake for OSS\/FS projects.<\/p>\n

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If you can\u2019t use any of these easier approaches, then it\u2019s still possible to use a GPL-compatible license, but at that point you need a lawyer\u2019s help – and in general I do not recommend it. That’s because license analysis can quickly become very complicated. For example, the FSF developed the GPL and maintains a list of licenses that it believes to be compatible and not compatible with the GPL<\/a>. Note the number of subtle points brought out in their analysis! My point isn\u2019t to debate their legal analysis (which not everyone agrees with); I just want to show that determining GPL compatibility can be complicated, so there are excellent reasons to keep things simple. Some advice is available from the FSF<\/a>, but since they may not be the owners of the software, there may be more room for disagreement than you might think. And in addition, when revisions of the GPL are released, new problems are likely to arise. It is likely to be much more difficult to upgrade licenses if you have an odd one-off license. In short, the best way to make a program GPL-compatible is to keep things simple.<\/p>\n

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If you\u2019re submitting changes to an existing OSS\/FS project that uses a GPL-incompatible license, include a note in your submission that you\u2019re dual-licensing your changes with a GPL-compatible license (such as the GPL, LGPL, or MIT\/X license); that will make it much easier for the project to dual-license the entire program later.<\/p>\n

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If you release software under the GPL (solely or as a dual-license), you should include the “version X or later” clause as recommended in the GPL itself and used by nearly all GPL users. Using the “version X or later” phrase makes transition to updated GPL text really easy, and guarantees future compatibility as the GPL gets updated and clarified as new situations arise. Other text in the GPL limits what those later versions will say, and new versions of the GPL cannot decrease what you can do with the original work. Most proprietary licenses of today have clauses anticipating changes in terms as years go by – adding “or later” is just a different way to do it. A few companies just cannot bring themselves to say ‘version 2 or later’ though; in such cases, they should designate a proxy who will be authorized to release the code under a later version of the license as those new versions become available, and establish a process to examine the later versions and give permission once review determines it’s okay. But I believe the “version X or later” approach is really the better approach if you choose to use the GPL; the whole point of the GPL is to ensure that you can gain access to later improvements to a program, and GPL revisions are created specifically to protect against attacks on that access.<\/p>\n

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Which version of the GPL should be your base? For many years, GPL version 2 was the only real choice, but in 2007 GPL version 3 was released. GPL version 3 has a number of improvements if your goal is to ensure that recipients can modify their software; for example, it eases international enforcement (by changing U.S.-centric terms to broader terms), adds better patent defenses, is compatible with more licenses (in particular the Apache Public License and the Affero GPL), and counters “Tivoization” (users must be able to modify GPL’ed software they receive). More detailed commentary on GPLv3 is available, including those by Glyn Moody<\/a>, Mark Radcliffe<\/a>, and Luis Villa<\/a>. Palamida is tracking which projects are updating to GPL version 3<\/a>, a process which seems to be going well<\/a>. “GPL version 2 or later” gives maximum compatibility, but since nearly all projects have the “or later” clause, it isn’t really much more compatible than “GPL version 3 or later” for most people. I expect that there will be a gradual migration of many projects from “GPL version 2 or later” to “GPL version 3 or later”. So for most projects, “GPL version 3 or later” is probably the best choice, since it lets you take advantage of the GPL version 3 improvements.<\/p>\n

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\u6307\u5b9a\u300cGPL3.0\u53ca\u5176\u5f8c\u7248\u672c\u300d\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u91cb\u51fa\u7a0b\u5f0f\u4f3c\u4ea6\u7121\u751a\u4e0d\u59a5\u3002\u5c31\u7b46\u8005\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u800c\u8a00\u3001\u543e\u559c\u898b\u66f4\u591a\u7684GPL\u7a0b\u5f0f\u6539\u4ee5\u300cGPL3.0\u53ca\u5176\u5f8c\u7248\u672c\u300d\u70ba\u7a0b\u5f0f\u91cb\u51fa\u6642 \u7684\u53c3\u7167\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u56e0\u5f9e\u5be6\u800c\u8a00\u3001GPL3.0\u91d0\u6e05\u4e86\u8a31\u591aGPL2.0\u6642\u671f\u61f8\u800c\u96e3\u89e3\u7684\u722d\u8b70\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u9069\u7528\u6027\u53ca\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\u4e0a\u9069\u5408\u73fe\u4eca\u591a\u6578\u7684GPL\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\uff0c\u82e5\u65b0\u91cb\u51fa\u7684 GPL\u8edf\u9ad4\u80fd\u5920\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u5b9a\u9069\u7528GPL3.0\uff0c\u5247\u4fbf\u53ef\u99ac\u4e0a\u4eab\u6709\u5176\u91dd\u5c0d\u73fe\u6cc1\u66f4\u65b0\u8abf\u914d\u5f8c\u7684\u597d\u8655\u3002<\/p>\n

In short, make sure that your OSS\/FS software is GPL-compatible, or your OSS\/FS project may never have the support you wanted.<\/p>\n

\u7c21 \u55ae\u4f86\u8aaa\u3001\u52d9\u5fc5\u8b93\u60a8\u6240\u6b32\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u5177\u6709GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u76f8\u5bb9\u6027\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u60a8\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u53ef\u80fd\u6c38\u9060\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7de8\u5beb\u8005\u7684\u5967\u63f4\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u4eab\u7528\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u754c\u88e1\u5df2\u7136\u7d2f\u805a \u773e\u591a\u7684GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7a0b\u5f0f\u78bc\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eba\u4ea6\u7121\u6cd5\u53d6\u7528\u60a8\u7684\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u4f86\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u91cd\u8981\u7684GPL\u6388\u6b0a\u7a0b\u5f0f\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u71df\u904b\u767c\u5c55\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\u662f\u8207\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4\u958b\u653e\u5171\u4eab\u3001\u591a\u4eba\u5171\u5de5\u7684\u7406 \u60f3\u6709\u9055\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u8edf\u9ad4\u5c08\u6848\u9084\u53ef\u4ee5\u6dea\u70ba\u5b64\u5cf6\u8edf\u9ad4\u800c\u7121\u6cd5\u88ab\u6c38\u7e8c\u71df\u904b\u958b\u767c\u3002
\n________________________________________<\/p>\n

Appendix A: The Cautionary Tale of XFree86<\/p>\n

If you\u2019re looking for a cautionary tale of how things can go badly because of a GPL-incompatible license, you need look no further than the tragic story of XFree86\u2019s demise. The XFree86 project historically led development of a popular X server, and traditionally the vast majority of its code used the simple \u201cMIT\/X\u201d open source license that is GPL-compatible. At one time, if you used a Unix-like system and a graphical user interface, you were very likely to be using XFree86… that\u2019s how widespread it was.<\/p>\n

The XFree86 president, David Dawes, decided to change the XFree86 license to one that wasn\u2019t GPL-compatible, primarily to give developers more credit. This proposed license change caused a serious uproar. Jim Gettys, a well-respected developer and co-founder of X, strongly opposed this change to the XFree86 license, even though he\u2019s not a strong advocate of the GPL. Richard Stallman asked that something be worked out. An article at Linux Today and a discussion at Freedesktop.org showed that Red Hat, Debian, SuSE, Gentoo, Mandrake, and OpenBSD planned to drop XFree86 if they switched to this new license.<\/p>\n

Not all parties objected because of GPL incompatibility; OpenBSD\u2019s Theo de Raadt\u2019s objection was that the new license made the code \u201cless free\u201d, rather than specifically about GPL compatibility. But many others specifically protested this proposed change on the grounds that a GPL-incompatible license is unacceptable. Branden Robinson performed a detailed XFree86 license analysis (available from the mailing lists of XFree86 and The Open Group; a shorter version was posted by Debian). In this detailed analysis, he pleaded that XFree86 repair the few licensing problems currently in the code base and keep the program GPL-compatible, saying, \u201cThe path to clearing away GPL-incompatibilities due to the BSD advertising clause for the entire XFree86 source tree (as of XFree86 4.3.0, anyway) seems fairly short. Given that, it seems a shame to entrench a similar incompatibility both broadly and deeply.\u201d The XFree86 mailing list from February 2004 includes many statements from individuals stating that GPL compatibility is important to them.<\/p>\n

Since the XFree86 folks wouldn\u2019t switch to a GPL-compatible license, the X.Org Foundation (formed January 2004) announced its own version of X on April 6, 2004. One of its key enhancements was that \u201conly files without the new XFree86 1.1 license are included in the X11R6.7.0 release.\u201d The X.org foundation home made it even clearer that GPL compatibility was the key problem; it says that \u201cThe X.Org repository is based on XFree86 4.4 RC2. Just before its 4.4 release, XFree86 adopted a new license possibly incompatible with the GPL. For this reason, we have recreated its tree as closely as possible without importing files affected by the new license.\u201d<\/p>\n

Unlike most forks, which get no or lukewarm support, the X.Org foundation fork was immediately endorsed by many key organizations, including Novell\u2019s SUSE, Red Hat, HP, TrollTech, and FSF Europe among others. FreeBSD later left XFree86, and as noted above, the leader of OpenBSD had already stated that he did not support XFree86\u2019s approach. By July 2004, Linux Weekly News (LWN) could honestly report that nearly all XFree86 developers had switched over to the new GPL-compatible fork, leaving XFree86 mostly dead. The primary discussion topic in the new fork\u2019s mailing list was what new features and design improvements should be made first, with the presumption that whatever XFree86 did was irrelevant. The transition was swift, and can be shown by examining the \u201cXFree86 forum\u201d mailing list; the June 2003 archive of this list had 20 messages about XFree86 (plus 13 irrelevant spam), and all 20 were technical discussions related to improving the program. By June 2004 there were only 13 relevant postings in the whole month (plus 62 spam messages), and instead of being all technical discussions, many of those messages were acknowledgements between list members that XFree86 had been abandoned by most of its developers and users or were a discussion about how FreeBSD might possibly stay with XFree86 (FreeBSD later left XFree86, quashing this hope). For example, William M. Quarles re-posted an instant messaging conversation stating that \u201cMost of the major distributions have either left XFree86 behind and switched to X.org, or are [still] using XFree86 4.3 [the old unmaintained version].\u201d<\/p>\n

Now it\u2019s true that there were more issues than GPL incompatibility. There had been various calls for restructuring the organization of developers, and for opening up (and speeding up) development. But none of those issues caused a sudden exodus of developers and users. All projects (proprietary and OSS\/FS) have discussions about their structure and progress, and rarely do they lead to an immediate abandonment by all users and developers at once. The issue (or at least the final straw) that caused the mass exodus by users from XFree86 was the effort to switch to a GPL-incompatible license. It\u2019s clear that trying to switch a popular OSS\/FS program from a GPL-compatible license to a GPL-incompatible license can be met with stiff and swift resistance.<\/p>\n

Appendix B: Information about the GPL and other Licenses<\/p>\n

There are many information resources about the GNU General Public Licence (aka GPL). The GPL itself is available on-line. The GPL Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) has more information from its author. Groklaw maintains a page of resources about the GPL. Mitchell L. Stoltz’s “The Penguin Paradox: How the Scope of Derivative Works in Copyright Affects the Effectiveness of the GNU GPL, 85 B.U. L. Rev. 1439 (2005) discusses the GPL and the law’s definitions of derivative works.<\/p>\n

There are a large number of OSS\/FS licenses that exist, though the vast majority of software is covered by the five most common ones. Some are “protective”, like the GPL or Affero GPL – they work to protect the software from being turned into a proprietary product, including as part of a larger work. Some are “permissive”, such as the BSD-new and MIT\/X license; they permit turning the program into a proprietary work. and some licenses like the LGPL are compromises between “protective” and “permissive” – the LGPL, for example, protects the component (usually a library) but permits its insertion into a larger proprietary work. The FSF maintains a list of licenses and some analyses of them. The Open Source Initiative’s license list lists licenses that it has determined are open source software licenses.<\/p>\n

Appendix C: GNU projects not under a copyleft license<\/p>\n

The Free Software Foundation (FSF) advocates use of the GNU General Public License (GPL), but even they gladly accept the use of software not under the GPL as part of their GNU project.<\/p>\n

The following are “GNU packages” not under a copyleft license:<\/p>\n

\u2022 Kawa [fsf.org]: licensed under the Kawa License [gnu.org], which is an X-11\/MIT style license. Kawa is a Scheme\/Emacs Lisp environment that runs on Java.<\/p>\n

\u2022 GNU less [fsf.org]: the latest tarball from ftp.gnu.org is GPL, but older versoins are non-copyleft.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Ncurses [gnu.org], which is distributed under an X11-style license.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Proto [fsf.org], which is a software development tool for finding C and C++ function prototypes, and is in the public domain.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Quexo [fsf.org], xquery implementation using Kawa to compile to java bytecode. Under the Kawa license, which means an X11-style license.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Speex [fsf.org], an audio compression codec for voice, under the Xiph.org license (a modified BSD)
\n(My thanks to Javier Candeira who identified many of these.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1\u3001\u6b64\u6587\u8b6f\u81eaDavid A. Wheeler\u6240\u5beb\u300cMake Your Open Source Software… \u7e7c\u7e8c\u95b1\u8b80 20080214-Make Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else.-\u8acb\u5c07\u60a8\u6b32\u91cb\u51fa\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u8edf\u9ad4GPL\u76f8\u5bb9\u5316\u3002\u8981\u4e0d\u7136\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u5f8c\u7e8c\u6563\u5e03\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u906d\u9047\u5230\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u751a\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u3002<\/span> →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[52,98],"class_list":["post-22","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-translation","tag-compatible","tag-gpl"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lucien.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lucien.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lucien.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lucien.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lucien.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=22"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/lucien.cc\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lucien.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=22"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lucien.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=22"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lucien.cc\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=22"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}